tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-63658739634330222042024-03-20T19:23:39.154-07:00BIO SMANDA P.BUNAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08950246837416435211noreply@blogger.comBlogger15125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6365873963433022204.post-49218262678543856532013-07-16T15:33:00.001-07:002013-11-05T01:40:19.847-08:00link list<br />
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1. <a href="http://guru.or.id/langkah-langkah-verifikasi-dan-validasi-verval-nuptk-2013-di-padamu-kemdikbud-go-id.html">http://guru.or.id/langkah-langkah-verifikasi-dan-validasi-verval-nuptk-2013-di-padamu-kemdikbud-go-id.html</a><br />
2. <a href="http://m.klikdokter.com/detail/read/1/15031683/menghilangkan-kembung-#.UgA22dJ9CSo">http://m.klikdokter.com/detail/read/1/15031683/menghilangkan-kembung-#.UgA22dJ9CSo</a><br />
3. <a href="http://www.pgri.or.id/kode-etik/organisasi/kode-etik/kode-etik-guru-indonesia" style="background-color: black; color: #f9f0c2; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 17.59375px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;">http://www.pgri.or.id/kode-etik/organisasi/kode-etik/kode-etik-guru-indonesia</a><br />
4. <a href="http://kurikulum.kemdikbud.go.id/public/schoo" style="background-color: black; color: #f9f0c2; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 17.59375px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;">http://kurikulum.kemdikbud.go.id/public/schoo</a><br />
5.<a href="http://award.guraru.org/">http://award.guraru.org/</a><br />
6<span style="color: orange;">.<a href="https://www.google.com/#q=http:%2F%2Fwww.northland.cc.mn.us%2Fbiology1111%2Fanimations%2Ftransport1.html"><span style="color: orange;">https://www.google.com/#q=http:%2F%2Fwww.northland.cc.mn.us%2Fbiology1111%2Fanimations%2Ftransport1.html</span></a></span><br />
7.<a href="http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120068/bio02.swf::Endocytosis">http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120068/bio02.swf::Endocytosis</a><br />
8.<a href="http://www.phschool.com/atschool/phbio/active_art/active_transport/index.html">http://www.phschool.com/atschool/phbio/active_art/active_transport/index.html</a><br />
<a href="http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_biology_7/media/interactivemedia/activities/load.html?7&F">http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_biology_7/media/interactivemedia/activities/load.html?7&F</a><br />
<a href="http://networkedblogs.com/PutXw">http://networkedblogs.com/PutXw</a><br />
9. <a href="http://www.voaindonesia.com/content/kubis-dapat-lindungi-pasien-kanker-dari-efek-samping-radiasi/1769598.html">http://www.voaindonesia.com/content/kubis-dapat-lindungi-pasien-kanker-dari-efek-samping-radiasi/1769598.html</a><br />
10. <a href="http://www.slideshare.net/almansyahnis/rpp-kelas-x-ipa-virus">http://www.slideshare.net/almansyahnis/rpp-kelas-x-ipa-virus</a><br />
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08950246837416435211noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6365873963433022204.post-83654880029948731032013-07-05T06:49:00.001-07:002013-08-05T16:55:48.017-07:00Chat Box and Guest Box Bio Smanda P.Bun<!-- BEGIN CBOX - www.cbox.ws - v001 -->
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Buat pengunjung blog, jangan lupa mengisi buku tamu ya.. :D</span><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08950246837416435211noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6365873963433022204.post-3182778745288322002013-05-31T21:19:00.001-07:002013-08-05T16:58:45.233-07:00DAFTAR ISI<div style="background-color: none; border: 2px solid darkRed; height: 700px; overflow: auto; padding: 5px; width: 95%;">
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<span style="color: darkred; font-size: 14px;"><b>DAFTAR ISI</b></span>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08950246837416435211noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6365873963433022204.post-39940718367864889012013-04-24T08:05:00.000-07:002015-05-23T09:36:32.482-07:00EKOSISTEM<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>EKOSISTEM</b></div>
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<b>A. Pengertian Ekosistem</b></div>
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<li>Ekosistem adalah : Kesatuan komunitas dengan lingkungan hidupnya yang membentuk hubungan timbal balik atau saling ketergantungan, atau</li>
<li> Ekosistem merupakan hubungan timbal balik antara makhluk hidup dengan komponen abiotiknya dalam satu kesatuan tempat hidup</li>
<li>Tempat hidup alamiah makhluk hidup disebut habitat</li>
<li>Di dalam suatu habitat, selain terdapat berbagai jenis makhluk hidup (komponen biotik), juga terdapat makhluk tak hidup (komponen abiotik : tanah, air, udara, cahaya matahari, suhu dan kelembapan)</li>
<li>Setiap makhluk hidup memiliki lingkungan hidup yang sesuai untuk hidupnya, misalnya : ikan dan bunga teratai hidup di air, kaktus hidup di tempat kering, onta hidup di gurun, dll.</li>
<li>Ilmu yang mempelajari tentang hubungan tiblak balik antara makhluk hidup dengan lingkungan abiotiknya di sebut<b> Ekologi</b></li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6MLqTTYw0dx8IEYROYGuKGfHveOvq-9g_3Y3TFNQE49B7eialCxpAR5C2P_C-aVNBUsX_unTGY3hb-q4eN2EaNG3bm5KNJ_GKzIrzs6R5VoA-6cijXxP4DbziYR1Jw9P8AkiOSt3yzv7r/s1600/ekosistem.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6MLqTTYw0dx8IEYROYGuKGfHveOvq-9g_3Y3TFNQE49B7eialCxpAR5C2P_C-aVNBUsX_unTGY3hb-q4eN2EaNG3bm5KNJ_GKzIrzs6R5VoA-6cijXxP4DbziYR1Jw9P8AkiOSt3yzv7r/s1600/ekosistem.jpg" width="139" /></a></div>
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<b>B. Tingkatan Dalam Ekosistem</b></div>
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<li>Ekosistem tersusun atas tingkatan atau satuan individu, populasi, komunitas, ekosistem dan biosfer</li>
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<li>Individu adalah satuan terkecil organisme yang mendiami suatu habitat. Individu menggambarkan sifat tunggal.</li>
<li>Populasi adalah kunpulan individu sejenis yang menempati suatu daerah tertentu. Contohnya populasi kambing</li>
<li>Komunitas adalah seluruh popolasi makhluk hidup di suatu derah tertentu</li>
<li>Ekosistem adalah kesatuan komunitas dengan lingkunagn hidupnya yang membentuk hubuingan timbalbalik atau saling ketergantungan.</li>
<li>Biosfer adalah tempat makhluk hidup berada dan dapat melangsungkan hidupnya</li>
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<b>C. Komponen Ekosistem</b></div>
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<li><b>Komponen ekosistem terdiri dari komponen biotik dan abiotik</b></li>
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1.<b> Komponen biotik</b></div>
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<li>adalah komponen berupa makhluk hidup (manusia, hewan, tumbuhan, mikroorganisme)</li>
<li>Berdasarkan fungsinya komponen biotik dikelompokan menjadi 4 macam, yaitu<b> produsen, konsumen, pengurai, dan detritivor.</b></li>
<li>Produsen adalah : organisme yang dapat mengolah makanannya sendiri (autotrof), melalui proses fotosintesis, contohnya tumbuhan</li>
<li>Konsumen adalah : Organisme yang megkonsumsi tumbuhan atau hewan lain atau tidak bisa mengolah makanan sendiri (heterotrof). Berdasarkan jenis makanan yang dimakan, konsumen digolongkan menjadi<b> herbivora (hewan pemakan tumbuhan), karnivora (hewan pemakan daging , disebut predator) dan omnivora hewan pemakan segalanya : kucing, ayam , manusia dll</b></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Pengurai (dekompuser) adalah organisme yang menguraikan sisa-sisa organisme untuk memperoleh makanan, contohnya bakteri dan jamur.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Detritivor adalah organisme yang memakan partikel organik atau detritus. Detritus merupakan hancuran jaringan hewan atau tumbuhan. Contoh detritivor adalah cacing tanah,sifut, keluwing, binytang laut dan kutu kayu.</span></li>
</ul>
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<b>2. Komponen abiotik</b></div>
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<li>komponen abiotik adalah komponen tak hidup, yaitu komponen fisik dan kimia yang membentuk lingkungan abiotik</li>
<li>Contoh komponen abiotik : suhu, cahaya, tanah, air, udara, garam mineral </li>
</ul>
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<b>D. Saling Ketergantungan antara komponen biotik dan abiotik</b></div>
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<li>Di dalam ekosistem komponen abiotik dapat mempengaruhi komponen biotik atau sebaliknya.</li>
<li>Beberapa contoh pengaruh dari masing-masing komponen adalah :</li>
</ul>
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<li>Pengaruh air terhadap makhluk hidup adalah: tanaman untuk tumbuh, manusia dan hewan perlu air untuk minum, mandi dll.</li>
<li>Pengaruh udara terhadap makhluk hidup adalah oksigen untuk bernapas dan CO2 untuk fotosintesis</li>
<li>Pengaruh tumbuhan terhadap tanah dan udara adalah untuk mencegah erosi tanah, dan daun dapat menyerap gas CO2, sereta hasil fotosintesis melepaskan gas CO2</li>
<li>Hewan cacing tanah dapat mempengaruhi kesuburan tanah.</li>
</ol>
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<b>E. Hubungan Saling Ketergantungan antara produsen, konsumen dan pengurai</b></div>
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<li><b>Rantai Makanan</b></li>
</ol>
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<ul>
<li>Rantai makanan adalah : peristiwa makan dan dimakan dengan urutan tertentu.</li>
<li>Dalam proses makan dan dimakan ini terjadi perpindahan Energi dari produsen ke konsumen dan ke pengurai.</li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Rantai makanan yang di mulai dari tumbuhan hijau yang berperan sebagai produsen, disebut rantai makanan perumput. edangkan rantai makanan yang di mulai dari partikel oeganik hasil hancuran (detritus) di sebut rantai makanan detritus.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Contoh rantai makanan adalah detritus : hancuran daun --> cacing tanah-->ayam--> manusia</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Contoh rantai makanan perumput: padi --> tikus--> ular-->burung elang </span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Contoh rantai makan di perairan sungai adalah : zat-zat organik --fitoplankton---ikan herbivora---ikan karnivor---bakteri pengurai</span></li>
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2. <b>Jaring Makanan</b><br />
<ul>
<li>Jaring makanan adalah kumpulan rantai makanan yang saling berhubungan dan membentuk skema mirip jaring. Jadi setiap rantai makanan akan berhubungan dengan rantai makanan yang lain.</li>
<li>Peristiwa makan dan dimakan antar organisme dalam suatu ekosistem membentuk struktur tropik yang bertingkat-tingkat.</li>
<li>Setiap tingkat tropik merupakan kumpulan berbagai organisme dengan sumber makanan tertentu, yaitu :</li>
</ul>
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<ol>
<li>Tingkat tropik 1 adalah kelompok organisme autotrop yang disebut produsen. Contohnya tumbuhan hijau dan fitoplankton.</li>
<li>Tingkat tropik 2 adalah kelompok organisme heterotrop yang disebut konsumen primer, yaitu organisme pemakan tumbuhan (herbivor)</li>
<li>Tingkat tropik 3 adalah konsumen sekunder, yaitu organisme pemakan herbivor ( disebut karnovor kecil)</li>
<li>Tingkat tropik 3 adalah konsumen tersier, yaitu organiseme pemakan karnivor kecil )disebut karnivor besar)</li>
</ol>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Contoh jaring makanan :</li>
</ul>
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<b>3. Piramida Ekologi</b></div>
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<ul>
<li>Struktur tropik dapat disusun secara urut sesuai hubungan makan dan dimakan, yang secara umum memperlihatkan bentuk kerucut atau piramid. Gambaran susunan antar tropik dapat disusun berdasarkan kepadatan populasi, berat kering maupun kemampuan menyimpan energi pada tiap tropik yang disebut piramida ekologi.</li>
<li>Piramida ekologi berfungsi untuk menunjukan gambaran perbandingan antar trofik pada suatu ekosistem. Pada tingkat pertama ditempati produsen sebagai dasar piramida, selanjutnya konsumen primer, sekunder, tersier sampai konsumen puncak.</li>
<li>Agar di dalam ekosistem terjadi keseimbangan, maka jumlah produsen harus lebih banyak dari konsumen 1, konsumen 1 harus lebih banyak dari konsumen 2 dan seterusnya. Jika produsen mengalami penurunan, maka konsumen 1 juga aakan berkurang dan seterusnya.</li>
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<ul>
<li>Ada 3 macam piramida ekologi, yaitu piramida jumlah, piramida biomasa, dan piramida energi.</li>
</ul>
<div>
<ol>
<li>Piramida Energi adalah piramida yang menggambarkan hilangnya energi pada saat perpindahan energi makanan disetiap tingkat trofik dalam suatu ekosistem.</li>
<li>Piramida biomassa yaitu piramida yang mengambarkan berkurangnya transfer energi pada setiap tingkat tropikmdalam suatu ekosistem.</li>
<li>Piramida jumlah adalah piramida yang menggambarkan jumlah individu pada setiap tingkat trofik dalam suatu ekosistem. Agar ekosistem terjadi keseimbangan, maka jumlah produsen harus lebih besar dari konsumen satu, dan seterusnya. Jika jumlah produsen mengalami penurunan , maka konsumen 1 juga akan berkurang dan serusnya.</li>
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piramida energi</div>
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piramida biomassa</div>
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piramida jumlah<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>F. Aliran Energi</b></div>
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<div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;">Setiap organisme melakukan pemasukan dan penyimpanan energi.</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Sumber utama energi bagi kehidupan adalah energi cahaya matahari.</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Energi cahaya matahari masuk ke dalam tumbuhan (produsen), kemudian diubah menjadi energi kimia, lalu mengalir dari produsen ke konsumen pada berbagai tingkat tropik melalui jalur rantai makanan.</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Energi yang masuk kemudian disimpan digunakan untuk kegiatan hidupnya sehingga dapat tumbuh dan berkembang.</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Aliran energi dalam ekosistem mengalami tahapan proses sebagai berikut :</li>
</ul>
<div>
<ol>
<li style="text-align: left;">Energi yang masuk ke ekosistem berupa energi matahari, energi matahari yang sampai pada tumbuhan hanya setengahnya yang digunakan untuk fotosintesis, kemudian sekitar 1-5 % diubah menjadi energi kimia (makanan), sisanya keluar dari sistem berupa panas, atau dipakai untuk respirasi.</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Melalui rantai makanan dan jaring makanan, energi akan berpindah lagi, dan setiap terjadi aliran energi, maka akan terjadi kehilangna energi sehingga energi berkurang atau menurun kearah tahapan berikutnya dari rantai makanan.Biasanya herbivor menyimpan 10% energi yang dikandung tumbuhan, karnivor menyimpan sekitar 10% energi yang dikandung hewan yang dimangsanya.</li>
</ol>
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<ul>
<li><b style="text-align: left;"> Siklus Materi (Daur Biogeokimia)</b></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Dalam suatu ekosistem, meskipun energi kimia sebagian besar hilang pada setiap tingkat tropik, tetapi materi pada setiap tingkat tropik tidak hilang.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Materi berupa unsur-unsur penyusun bahan organik akan di daur ulang di alam.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Daur ulang tersebut melibatkan makhluk hidup (pengurai) dan batuan (geofisik), sehingga disebut daur biogeokimia.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Perputaran materi atau zat dari suatu tempat ketempat lain, kemudian kembali lagi ketempat semula disebut siklus materi atau zat.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Berikut akan dijelaskan daur air, karbon, nitrogen, fosfor dan sulfur.</li>
</ul>
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<ol>
<li>Daur Air<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Keterangan :</div>
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<ul>
<li> Air dari seluruh permukaan bumi menguap (melalui proses transpirasi dan evaporasi)</li>
<li>Uap air mengalami proses kondensasi menjadi awan (kondensasi artinya mengalami perubahan wujud dari uap menjadi titik-titik air karena pendinginan)</li>
<li>Awan kemudian ditiup oleh angin, dan jatuh sebagai hujan </li>
<li>Jika hujan jatuh di darat, maka air akan meresap ke dalam tanah, kemudian kembali lagi ke laut, melalui sungai atau saluran air.</li>
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2. Daur Karbon <br />
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Keterangan :</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>Di atmosfir karbon dioksida berbentuk gas (CO2)</li>
<li>Konsentrasi normal CO2 di atmosfir adalah 0,03%.</li>
<li>Gas CO2 di alam dihasilkan oleh tumbuhan dan hewan dari hasil pernapasan, semua proses pembakaran, dikerak bumi dalam bentuk batu bara dan minyak bumi, di perairan dihasilkan dari pernapasan organisme air dan cangkang moluska yang sudah mati .</li>
<li>Organisme yang memanfaatkan CO2 adalah semua jenis tumbuhan untuk berfotosintesis</li>
<li>Daur carbon melibatkan dua proses yang bersaing, yaitu fotosintesis dan pernafasan</li>
<li>Reaksi fotosintesis : CO2 + H2O ------> C6H12O6 + O2</li>
<li>Reaksi pernafasan : C6H12O6 +O2 ------> CO2 + H2O + Energi</li>
<li>Jika gas CO2 yang dihasilkan di bumi terlalu banyak dan cepat, tidak seimbang dengan laju fotosintesis , maka akan menyebabkan kerusakan di bumi yang di kenal dengan global warming</li>
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3<span style="color: red;">. </span>Daur Nitrogen<br />
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Keterangan :<br />
<ul>
<li>Unsur Nitrogen di atmosfir sebagian besar dalam bentuk gas Nitrogen (N2)</li>
<li> N2 dari udara akan diikat ( proses fiksasi ) oleh mikroorganisme. Hanya sedikit organisme yang dapat memanfaatka nitrogen dalam bentuk N2. Organisme yang dapat mengikat (fiksasi) nitrogen adalah bakteri seperti<i> Azotobacter </i>(airob), <i>Clostridium</i> (anairob), dan<i> Rhizobium</i> yang di ubah menjadi amoniak melalui proses amonifikasi.</li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Amoniak kemudian dirombak oleh bakteri nitrit (nitrosumonas dan nitrosucoccus) menjadi ion nitrit (NO2)</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Ion nitrit kemudian dirombak oleh bakteri nitrat (nitrobacter) menjadi ion nitrat (NO3)</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Ion nitrat akan di serap oleh tumbuhan, dan digunakan oleh bakteri tanah untuk memperoleh oksigen</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Ion nitrat mengalami denitrifikasi menjadi nitrogen dan kembali ke atmosfir</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Bakteri denitrifikasi adalah kelompok bakteri yang memiliki kemampuan untuk melakukan reaksi reduksi senyawa nitrat (NO3) menjadi senyawa nitrogen bebas (N2)</span></li>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>G. Hubungan Saling Ketergantungan (interaksi)</b></div>
<ul>
<li>Hubungan antara makhluk hidup membentuk berbagai pola kehidupan,yaitu simbiosis</li>
<li>Simbiosis adalah hidup bersama antara dua spesies yang berbeda</li>
<li>Simbiosis terbagi menjadi tiga, yaitu mutualisme,komensalisme dan parasitisme.</li>
</ul>
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<ol>
<li>Mutualisme terjadi jika dua spesies hidup bersama dan saling menguntungkan satu sama lain. Contoh ganggang hijau biru dan jamur membentuk lichenes (lumut kerak), kumbang dan bunga, ikan badut dan anemon laut.</li>
<li>Komensalisme jika dua spesies hidup bersama, satu spesies diuntungkan dan spesies lain tidak dirugikan dan tidak diuntungkan. Contoh anggrek menempel pada pohon.</li>
<li>Parasitisme terjadi jika dua spesies hidup bersama, satu spesies diuntungkan dan spesies lain dirugikan. Terdiri dari <b>ektoparasit </b>yaitu organisme parasit yang menempel pada tubuh inangnya, contohnya kutu daun,benalu dan nyamuk. <b>Endoparasit </b>yaitu organisme parasit yang hidup dalamtubuh inangnya, contohnya cacing perut, bakteri paru-paru dan plasmodium.</li>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>H. Tipe- Tipe Ekosistem</b> </div>
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<div>
<ul>
<li>Tipe-tipe ekosistem secara umum terbagi menjadi 3, yaitu ekosistem air (akuatik), ekosistem darat (terestrial) dan ekosistem buatan.</li>
</ul>
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<ol>
<li><b>Ekosistem air (aquatik)</b>, terbagi menjadi 3, yaitu</li>
</ol>
<div>
a.) Ekosistem air tawar, terbagi menjadi :</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li> Ekosistem air tawar lotik (air berarus/mengalir), salinitas rendah, banyak cahaya matahari, contohnya sungai.</li>
<li>Ekosistem air tawar lentik (air tidak berarus/tidak mengalir), contoh danau, kolam dan rawa </li>
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<b> b). Ekosistem Laut</b> , terbagi menjadi :<br />
<ul>
<li>Pantai pasir : terdapat vegetasi pes caprae (spinifex dan pandan), barringtonia (ketapang dan sukun)</li>
<li>Pantai batu : terdapat padang lamun, yaitu tumbuhan makanan duyung</li>
<li>Terumbu karang : hanya tumbuh pada iklim tropis dan sub-tropis, memerlukan daerah perairan alami<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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</li>
<li>Laut dangkal : sinar matahari masih cukup banyak, dan makhluk hidup berpariasi</li>
<li>Laut dalam : sinar matahari sedikit, bahkan tidak ada, makhluk yang tinggal dilaut dalam biasanya memiliki tubuh yang berpendar atau memiliki alat penerangan di atas kepalanya.</li>
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c). Estuari (ekosistem air payau), terdapat hutan mangrove (bakau), banyak crustasea dan ular.<br />
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<b>2. Ekosistem darat (terestrial)</b> : terbagi menjadi 7 bioma, yaitu :<br />
<ul>
<li> Bioma hutan hujan tropis: terdapat di khatulistiwa, curah hujan tinggi, pohon tinggi dan rimbun, terdapat juga tumbuhan paku dan anggrek, hewan, monyet, urang utan, burung dll.</li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaeJV7vmM5QtK-QG3NL8nj85inJvzodpWmIZs9LDSBexsaklHSUarhHYpHLgisP6yEm12Nj_yUOSDxVMI8wTkbWJRDMBmo6Pg2_SZUQBMbFR5ZoB6575Hv0w9RaygwgnHwKGafluGHAdBt/s1600/DSC00817.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaeJV7vmM5QtK-QG3NL8nj85inJvzodpWmIZs9LDSBexsaklHSUarhHYpHLgisP6yEm12Nj_yUOSDxVMI8wTkbWJRDMBmo6Pg2_SZUQBMbFR5ZoB6575Hv0w9RaygwgnHwKGafluGHAdBt/s1600/DSC00817.JPG" width="200" /></a></div>
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<ul>
<li>Bioma savana : disekitar khatulistiwa, curah hujan rendah, vegetasi rumput, semak dan pohon yang tumbuh terpencar<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5poSat8H7GcdodtFkpjcg2BxkVg8vlOVKkPT1LhGqJUpFvYxEYDMgG0KVOfUr2GfNkad8EXKVidxercrYv55WKmOPepaDC0qxETZD1Gep447SbOgb4D-hc6CxyJQFMUa9Osj3lU9vF-n3/s1600/savana-afrika.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="138" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5poSat8H7GcdodtFkpjcg2BxkVg8vlOVKkPT1LhGqJUpFvYxEYDMgG0KVOfUr2GfNkad8EXKVidxercrYv55WKmOPepaDC0qxETZD1Gep447SbOgb4D-hc6CxyJQFMUa9Osj3lU9vF-n3/s1600/savana-afrika.png" width="200" /></a></div>
</li>
<li>Bioma padang rumput : vegetasi di dominasi oleh rumput, sedangkan hewan terdapat kelinci,tupai tanah <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlgOiLuLHI8u6uZi9bZDUNtZKB8rwD-w8dgo8WOyrmb_wfcQZWl0OcxBxYOvYkOGyWnHfTiydLhjEURfi2Go9vx-Zq8w-uREcTJ1sJXnuPwEIw2ixXqbEdNPIbKkk7RQiRN4Gvx6W-OoCV/s1600/100_3473.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlgOiLuLHI8u6uZi9bZDUNtZKB8rwD-w8dgo8WOyrmb_wfcQZWl0OcxBxYOvYkOGyWnHfTiydLhjEURfi2Go9vx-Zq8w-uREcTJ1sJXnuPwEIw2ixXqbEdNPIbKkk7RQiRN4Gvx6W-OoCV/s1600/100_3473.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
</li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Bioma gurun : curah hujan rendah, perbedaan suhu siang dan malam tinggi, vegetasi kaktus, kurma (tumbuhan xeropit, yaitu tumbuhan kering , akar sangat panjang, daun beduri, batang menyimpan air daun tertutup kutikula)</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;"> sedangkan hewan onta, serangga dan kadal</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx9eHNLKp1kE6iODDXL4VnM-gO-qnWLTd7V3WZCNA0sAZbO944e3cz2MWAy0kLgp231XZxLiu7wCOI2D8GRxs7GleUkc_GBdkXE8nkzquDJ7XHQfvIhlAsLvl7p7Ixbg6C9G5FmiG8A9Q1/s1600/kurma.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx9eHNLKp1kE6iODDXL4VnM-gO-qnWLTd7V3WZCNA0sAZbO944e3cz2MWAy0kLgp231XZxLiu7wCOI2D8GRxs7GleUkc_GBdkXE8nkzquDJ7XHQfvIhlAsLvl7p7Ixbg6C9G5FmiG8A9Q1/s1600/kurma.jpg" width="150" /></span></a></div>
</li>
<li>Bioma hutan gugur : terdapat di daerah sub tropis yang mengalami pergantian musim panas dan dingin , curah hujan sedang. pohon akan menggugurkan daunnya menjelang musim gugur<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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</li>
<li>Bioma taiga, terdapat di wilayah utara hutan gugur subtropis dan juga di pegunungan tropis. ciri musim dingin yang panjang . hujan turun hanya pada musim panas . vegetasi hutan pinus (konifer) yang selalu hijau, hewan rusa, serigala, beruang, burung<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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</li>
<li>Bioma tundra, terdapat di dekat kutub utara, vegetasi berupa lumut daun, perdu, tidak terdapt pohon, hewan kelinci, serigala, rusa, domba, burung hantu<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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3. Ekosistem buatan : ekosistem yang dibuat oleh manusia untuk memenuhi kebutuhannya, contoh bendungan, hutan tanaman industri, dan perkebunan kelapa sawit</div>
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</li>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>I. SUKSESI</b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<ul>
<li>Suksesi adalah : suatu proses perubahan yang berlangsung secara teratur pada suatu komunitas dalam jangka waktu tertentu hingga terbentuk komunitas baru yang berbeda dengan komunitas semula.</li>
<li>Terjadi perkembangan dari ekosistem tidak seimbang menjadi ekosistem seimbang (homeostasis)</li>
<li>Akhir proses suksesi akan terbentuk komunitas klimaks</li>
<li>Komunitas klimaks adalah suatu komunitas terakhir dan stabil (tidak berubah) yang mencapai keseimbangan dengan lingkungannya (homeostatis).</li>
<li>Suksesi di bedakan menjadi 2, yaitu suksesi primer dan suksesi sekunder</li>
</ul>
<div>
<ol>
<li>Suksesi primer adalah : suksesi yang terjadi bila komunitas awal terganggu, yang mengakibatkan hilangnya komunitas asal secara total, sehingga akan terbentuk komunitas baru. Gangguan bisa terjadi secara alami ( tanah longsor, letusan gunung berapi,dll) ataupun oleh perbuatan manusia (penambangan batu bara, minyak bumi dll). Contoh suksesi di Gunung Krakatau yang meletus 1883, organisme pertama yang muncul adalah spesies pionir (liken/lumut kerak), liken yang mati akan diuraikan oleh pengurai, dan lama kelamaan akan terbentuk tanah yang subur, kemudian akan di tumbuhi oleh biji-bijian yang akhirnya akan tumbuh dengan subur, dan akan terbentuk hutan kembali dengan berbagai makhluk hidup di dalamnya, sehingga terbentuklah komunitas klimaks, dan ekosistem kembali mencapai keseimbangan.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqUg_3nVBeYGbNhvbxxl81TNmKaytzj6uK-5fZ9X3OkOVIV71rLQiQ18PUUYKtDLCt7a3xLmyYQtWJRhpc0H3DABuumqC5EpRmBLPp1Imw7ZxCYp_PgzWgzbgT_Rmm45lpmzlkrbzPtWoD/s1600/unduhan+%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqUg_3nVBeYGbNhvbxxl81TNmKaytzj6uK-5fZ9X3OkOVIV71rLQiQ18PUUYKtDLCt7a3xLmyYQtWJRhpc0H3DABuumqC5EpRmBLPp1Imw7ZxCYp_PgzWgzbgT_Rmm45lpmzlkrbzPtWoD/s1600/unduhan+%25283%2529.jpg" /></a></div>
</li>
<li>Suksesi sekunder adalah : suksesi yang terjadi bila suatu komunitas mengalami gangguan, dimana gangguan tersebut tidak merusak total tempat tumbuh organisme, sehingga substrat lama dan kehidupan masih ada. Gangguan secara alami ( banjir, kebakaran, angin kencang dll) ataupun olehperbutan manusia (penebangan hutan, pembakaran lahan, ladang berpindah dll). Jika daerah tersebut ditinggalkan atau didiamkan saja, maka akan terjadi suksesi kembali, yaitu akan ditumbuhi lagi oleh rerumputan baru, perdu dan pohon-pohon.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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</ol>
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Daftar rujukan gambar:</div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.bekamsteriljakarta.com/2011/08/satuan-makhluk-hidup-dalam-ekosistem">http://www.bekamsteriljakarta.com/2011/08/satuan-makhluk-hidup-dalam-ekosistem</a><br />
<a href="http://007indien.blogspot.com/2013/02/rantai-makanan-peristiwa-makan">http://007indien.blogspot.com/2013/02/rantai-makanan-peristiwa-makan</a><br />
<a href="http://hernandhyhidayat.wordpress.com/2010/03/30/aliran-energi-dan-rantai-makanan">http://hernandhyhidayat.wordpress.com/2010/03/30/aliran-energi-dan-rantai-makanan</a><br />
<a href="http://green.kompasiana.com/polusi/2012/08/30/binatang-di-siklus-rantai-makanan">http://green.kompasiana.com/polusi/2012/08/30/binatang-di-siklus-rantai-makanan</a><br />
<a href="http://ridwanaz.com/umum/biologi/pengertian-rantai-makanan">http://ridwanaz.com/umum/biologi/pengertian-rantai-makanan</a><br />
<a href="http://wanenoor.blogspot.com/2012/11/rantai-makanan-dalam-ekosistem">http://wanenoor.blogspot.com/2012/11/rantai-makanan-dalam-ekosistem</a><br />
<a href="http://aktivitaspraktikumektum.blogspot.com/2011/06/ekosistem-aliran-energi-dan-siklus.html">http://aktivitaspraktikumektum.blogspot.com/2011/06/ekosistem-aliran-energi-dan-siklus.html</a><br />
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri_denitrifikasi">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri_denitrifikasi</a><br />
<a class="irc_hol irc_itl" data-ved="0CAQQjB0" href="http://www.ilmukimia.org/2012/11/kondensasi-dan-evaporasi.html" style="background-color: #222222; color: #1122cc; cursor: pointer; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="irc_ho" style="color: #d6d6d6; margin-right: -2px; padding-right: 2px;">www.ilmukimia.org</span></a><span class="irc_dim" style="background-color: #222222; color: #7d7d7d; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"> </span><br />
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KINGDOM ANIMALIA (DUNIA HEWAN)</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<ul>
<li>Kingdom animalia adalah organisme yang memiliki ciri eukaryotik, multiseluler, tidak memiliki klorofil dan dinding sel, hidup heterotrof (memperoleh makanan dari organisme lain), dan dapat bergerak pindah tempat/bebas untuk memperoleh makanan dan mempertahankan hidupnya,</li>
<li>Kingdom animalia terdiri dari kelompok invertebrata (hewan tidak bertulang belakang) dan vertebrata (hewan bertulang belakang). </li>
<li>Pembagian kelompok hewan ini berdasarkan adanya : penyokong tubuh (notocord), tulang belakang (vertebrae), jenis rongga tubuh, sistem tubuh, otot dan pergerakan serta penutup tubuh.</li>
<li>Terkait hal tersebut beberapa istilah yang berhubungan dengan dunia hewan, yaitu :</li>
</ul>
<div>
<ol>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCVLNLbXG9xQZP98tXrkl96bJOsw9d7DL7-8hb4kZP9f0gkBS5H6VEj44r73KaKVLQsnMfhOfdQFHzt_KvTr9kwb1coeMJSCDDKaeHaJGsyPWHvu_5wYizSybnJlR9ntIbAF-PtSB6GyLK/s1600/symmetrydiagram.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCVLNLbXG9xQZP98tXrkl96bJOsw9d7DL7-8hb4kZP9f0gkBS5H6VEj44r73KaKVLQsnMfhOfdQFHzt_KvTr9kwb1coeMJSCDDKaeHaJGsyPWHvu_5wYizSybnJlR9ntIbAF-PtSB6GyLK/s1600/symmetrydiagram.gif" width="320" /></a>
<li>parazoa (tubuh tidak memiliki jaringan)</li>
<li>eumetazoa (tubuh sudah memiliki jaringan)</li>
<li>Simetri radial (jika hewan dipotong melalui sumbu pusat hewan, ke arah manapun akan membagi tubuh hewan menjadi 2 atau lebih bagian yang sama. Hewan ini hanya memiliki tubuh <b>dorsal</b>/bagian atas dan <b>ventral</b>/bawah, dan tigak memiliki bagian <b>anterior/</b>depan dan <b>posterior</b>/belakang).</li>
<li>Simetri bilateral (jika dopotong melalui sumbu pusat hewan, atau jika di ambil garis memotong lewat mulut dan anus, akan di dapatkan bagian yang sama antara sisi kiri dan sisi kanan. (lihat gambar di atas) </li>
<li>Lapisan embrional adalah lapisan yang terbentuk saat perkembangan embrio, yang akan berdeferensiasi membentuk jaringan atau organ tubuh.</li>
<li>Lapisan embrional terdiri dari la[pisan ektoderm (luar), mesoderm (tengah),endoderm (dalam).</li>
<li>Dipoblastik adalah hewan yang memiliki dua lapisan embrional.</li>
<li>Tripoblastik adalah hewan yang memiliki tiga lapisan embrional.</li>
<li>Selom adalah rongga tubuh</li>
<li>Asemolata artinya hewan yang tidak memiliki rongga tubuh</li>
<li>Pseudoselomata adalah hewan yng memiliki rongga tubuh semu, karena rongga tubuhnya hanya sebagian dibatasi oleh mesoderm (lihat gambar di bawah)</li>
<li>Eksoskeleton adalah rangka luar</li>
<li>Endoskeleton adalar rangka dalam</li>
<li>Rangka hidrostatik artinya rangka tubuh yang dipertahankan oleh tekanan yang berasal dari cairan tubuhnya</li>
</ol>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ_4efoJhx9-zohUc2TR2_5v7fzCuM2ATcNOKgsj9ob_8xLbZLnD_jdyChfPCtRKc_LPiu9jxlPjzsnA6QHh3-9L6hGlBlVKY6mKFUz2bMfO2C1sCnhhvOL5P1z_w_mMrJMvSdLjD3vqzr/s1600/selomata.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ_4efoJhx9-zohUc2TR2_5v7fzCuM2ATcNOKgsj9ob_8xLbZLnD_jdyChfPCtRKc_LPiu9jxlPjzsnA6QHh3-9L6hGlBlVKY6mKFUz2bMfO2C1sCnhhvOL5P1z_w_mMrJMvSdLjD3vqzr/s1600/selomata.jpg" width="216" /></a></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
INVERTEBRATA (Hewan Tidak Bertulang Belakang)</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<ul>
<li>Invertebrata dikelompokan menjadi delapan filum, yaitu Porifera, Coelenterata, Plathyhelminhtes, Nemathelminthes, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda dan Echinodermata.</li>
</ul>
<div>
<ol>
<li>Phylum Porifera (Hewan berpori/spons)</li>
</ol>
<div>
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<div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhconCw-ttPFzrv9jDu1xpVgFyzqgqNLm7LxhmV7ySFnxHXqF1ASssQPGx0Vs6RmnuSM7DCnOVDY-s4mTkd8USLJtifFv1dN0E0fulV_nNiJNHs2Zj1pkVPlr8hUBvNPEFtVB1ObfSaj1y_/s1600/poeifera.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhconCw-ttPFzrv9jDu1xpVgFyzqgqNLm7LxhmV7ySFnxHXqF1ASssQPGx0Vs6RmnuSM7DCnOVDY-s4mTkd8USLJtifFv1dN0E0fulV_nNiJNHs2Zj1pkVPlr8hUBvNPEFtVB1ObfSaj1y_/s1600/poeifera.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpvQTNnCCQMVh1g43Uwe4lO6oQIOnT787w4tO-ommfqfiZeG_kpnWFpfgLl9Qr0F17TIbaftM0_Xj86VWnAS497tCbLI5foYy8Dqo_EsWf7AVU6BFUvSSC-Y9LSrs94gsyba4FkT76n2_T/s1600/Poripera.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpvQTNnCCQMVh1g43Uwe4lO6oQIOnT787w4tO-ommfqfiZeG_kpnWFpfgLl9Qr0F17TIbaftM0_Xj86VWnAS497tCbLI5foYy8Dqo_EsWf7AVU6BFUvSSC-Y9LSrs94gsyba4FkT76n2_T/s1600/Poripera.png" width="131" /></a><br />
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<ul>
<li>Hewan multiseluler (metazoa) ,dengan tubuh berfori, belum membentuk jaringan, memiliki rangka dan saluran air.</li>
<li>Tubuhnya asimetri (tidak beraturan)</li>
<li>Struktur tubuh terdiri dari sel pinakosit (sebagai pelindung), sel koanosit yang berflagel (untuk menyerap makanan dan oksigen), sel amoebosit (mengedarkan makanan dan oksigen)</li>
<li>Hidup secara heterotrof dengan memperoleh makanan dari air yang masuk ke dalam tubuhnya melalui pori</li>
<li>Umumnya hidup di laut, melekat pada batu atau benda lainya.</li>
<li>Reproduksi secara seksual dengan pembentuksn tunas, gemmulae,dan regenerasi</li>
<li>Reproduksi secara seksual dengan pembentukan gamet</li>
<li>Mempunyai sistem sirkulasi air yang terdiri dari tiga tipe yaitu ascon, sycon dan leucon<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO2OVSKXpEp-lFeuDgLm_smxh43MHILQhVdjBrkWZ1JiAMQJlWM-HORwkk_8KQA_Zo_gr04eIL5Gljo-aBLUWPhMwfvdsLoxVwqKo_O4au6nZ6A66gDZVLPMwELXSOglIzIP2FUa0_Npo/s1600/Tipe%20Ascon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO2OVSKXpEp-lFeuDgLm_smxh43MHILQhVdjBrkWZ1JiAMQJlWM-HORwkk_8KQA_Zo_gr04eIL5Gljo-aBLUWPhMwfvdsLoxVwqKo_O4au6nZ6A66gDZVLPMwELXSOglIzIP2FUa0_Npo/s1600/Tipe%20Ascon.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div>
</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Ascon : merupakan tipe saluran air dimana lubang-lubang ostiumnya dihubungkan dengan saluran lurus yang langsung menuju ke spongosol (rongga dalam) </li>
<li>Sycon : merupakan tipe saluran air dimana lubang-lubang ostiumnya dihubungkan dengan saluran yang bercabang-cabang ke rongga-rangga yang berhubungan langsung dengan spongosol </li>
<li>Leucon : merupakan tipe saluran air dimana lubang-lubang ostiumnya dihubungkan dengan saluran yang bercabang-cabang ke rongga yang sudah tidak berhubunga langsung dengan spongosol.</li>
</ol>
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<ul>
<li>Klasifikasi berdasarkan bahan penyusun rangka terbagi menjadi tiga kelas, yaitu Hexactinelida (spikula dari silikat),Demospongiae (spikula dari silikat dengan spongin atau spongin saja), dan Calcarea (spikula dari zat kapur) sumber http://fakhrunita.byethost14.com/porifera.htm</li>
</ul>
1. Hexactinellida (Hyalospongiae), memiliki ciri-ciri:<br />
<ul>
<li> memiliki spikula yang terdiri dari silika</li>
<li> ujung spikula ada 6 berbentuk bintang </li>
<li> tubuh biasanya berwarna pucat, dan berbentuk vas bunga atau mangkuk </li>
<li> saluran air tipe sikonoid</li>
<li> hidup soliter di kedalaman 200-1000m</li>
<li> contoh: Euplectella<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Venus_Flower_Basket.jpg/220px-Venus_Flower_Basket.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Venus_Flower_Basket.jpg/220px-Venus_Flower_Basket.jpg" /></a></div>
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</li>
</ul>
2. Demospongiae , memiliki ciri-ciri:<br />
<ul>
<li> rangka tersusun dari serabut spongin </li>
<li> tubuh berwarna cerah, karena ada pigmen di amoebosit </li>
<li> bentuk tidak beraturan dan bercabang-cabang </li>
<li> saluran air tipe leukonid</li>
<li> contoh: Spongia, Hippospongia, Niphates digitalis<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Barrel6.jpg/220px-Barrel6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Barrel6.jpg/220px-Barrel6.jpg" /></a></div>
</li>
</ul>
3. Calcarae (Calcispongiae) memiliki ciri-ciri:<br />
<ul>
<li> rangka tersusun dari kalsium karbonat </li>
<li> tubuh berwarna pucat, berbentuk vas, dompet, kendi, atau silinder</li>
<li> saluran air tipe askonoid, sikonoid, atau leukonoid</li>
<li> hidup di laut dangkal</li>
<li> contoh: Clathrina, Leucettusa lancifer<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Clathrina_clathrus_Scarpone_055.jpg/220px-Clathrina_clathrus_Scarpone_055.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Clathrina_clathrus_Scarpone_055.jpg/220px-Clathrina_clathrus_Scarpone_055.jpg" height="200" width="150" /></a></div>
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</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Peranan sebagai spons mandi atau alat gosok, dan berpotensi senagai obat kangker</li>
</ul>
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2. Phylum Coelenterata (Hewan berongga)</div>
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</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>Hewan metazoa dipoblastik yang tubuhnya sudah membentuk jaringan, dan memiliki rongga tubuh</li>
<li>Tubuhnya simetri radial</li>
<li>Berbentuk polip (nempel pada substrat) dan medusa (bergerak bebas) dengan tentakel berpenyengat</li>
<li>Memiliki rongga pencernaan (gastrosol), sistem saraf sederhana, dan tidak memiliki sistem eksresi</li>
<li>Hidup bebas secara heterotrof dengan menggunakan tentakel untuk meangkap mangsa</li>
<li>Habitat umumnya di laut</li>
<li>Reproduksi aseksual dengan pembentukan tunas oleh polip</li>
<li>Reproduksi seksual dengan pembentukan gamet oleh medusa (lihat gb . siklus hidup obelia)</li>
</ul>
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<ul>
<li>Klasifikasi berdasarkan bentuk dominan dalam siklus hidup, dibedakan menjadi tiga kelas yaitu Hydrozoa , Scyphozoa dan Anthozoa (lihat gambar di bawah ini)</li>
<li>Peranan merupakan komponen utama pembentuk terumbu karang sebagai tempet hidup berbagai jenis hewan dan ganggang</li>
</ul>
<div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Kelas Hydrozoa (yunani, hydro =air, zoa =hewan)<br />
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</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;">Contoh hydrozoa adalah Obelia, Hydra dan Pysalia</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Obelia hidup berkoloni di laut, berbentuk polip dan medusa</li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red;">gambar siklus hidup obelia :</span></li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTSWuAd-wZl2_U-QFL7ufeI5HntrfI73ynLdPODFjvN1SBwr3CaNjn5Y64-Gdu6_Qm108pT0BYBttOphrKJA54wUQ0GHCCrX4zHa5dq_pXfFQNOGi0Fs8YFhwZWt21d1vchaNJOm6DRgMC/s1600/gbr5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTSWuAd-wZl2_U-QFL7ufeI5HntrfI73ynLdPODFjvN1SBwr3CaNjn5Y64-Gdu6_Qm108pT0BYBttOphrKJA54wUQ0GHCCrX4zHa5dq_pXfFQNOGi0Fs8YFhwZWt21d1vchaNJOm6DRgMC/s1600/gbr5.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">Keterangan siklus hidup obelia :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue;">Polip Obelia (2n) bereproduksi aseksual dengan tunas yang tetap melekat pada induknya, sehingga membentuk koloni .</span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue;">Di dalam koloni, polip ada 2 jenis, yaitu polip yang memiliki tentakel (untuk makan), dan polip yang tidak memiliki tentakel (untuk reproduksi membentuk medusa)</span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue;">Medusa (2n), kemudian lepas dari polip dan tumbuh dewasa</span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue;">Medusa dewasa menghasilkan sperma (n) dan telur (n), yang dilepaskan ke air</span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue;">Terjadi fertilisasi eksternal di air yang menghasilkan zygot (2n)</span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue;">Zygot berkembang menjadi motrulla kemudian menjadi larva bersilia yang disebut Planula</span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue;">Planula menempel di dasar laut dan tumbuh jadikoloni muda, kemudian jadi polip dewasa</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
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Kelas Scyphozoa (yunani, scypho =mangkuk, zoa=hewan)</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKR7KPAeDKgqbBhBkwitGhk2x8RDO_B-TEe2hgGlpqc1FFldYrBVraviTIFq5C91VY_lnwNROuDbUYw-l07SmmXYPfQfD5qF4xmXowUpD4AYSbEcFvAjnkWz5zqBEN9MATT2Pj1L6YMloD/s1600/Aurelia+Aurita+adulta+Gardaland+SEA+LIFE+Aquarium+(2).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKR7KPAeDKgqbBhBkwitGhk2x8RDO_B-TEe2hgGlpqc1FFldYrBVraviTIFq5C91VY_lnwNROuDbUYw-l07SmmXYPfQfD5qF4xmXowUpD4AYSbEcFvAjnkWz5zqBEN9MATT2Pj1L6YMloD/s1600/Aurelia+Aurita+adulta+Gardaland+SEA+LIFE+Aquarium+(2).jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;">memiliki bentuk dominan berupa medusa , yang dikenal dengan ubur-ubur</li>
<li><div style="text-align: left;">
Siklus hidup adalah :</div>
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Kelas Anthozoa (Yunani, anthos =bunga, zoa=hewan)</div>
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<ul>
<li>memiliki banyak tentakel yang berwarna-warni, seperti bunga</li>
<li>tidak memiliki bentuk medusa, hanya berbentuk polip</li>
<li>hidup di laut dangkal, soliter ataupun koloni</li>
<li>contoh: Tubastrea (koral atau karang), Urticina (anemon laut)</li>
<li>Rangka koral tersusun dari zat kapur, koloninya membentuk terumbu karang atau pulau karang</li>
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3. Ph<span style="color: blue;">ylum Platyhelminthes ( Cacing pipih)</span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Hewan triploblastik aselomata dengan tubuh simetri bilateral berbentuk pipih</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Memiliki sistem saraf, sistem pencernan dengan satu lubang, tidak memil;iki sistem sirkulasi, respirsi dan eksresi</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Hidup bebas di laut, air tawar, tempat lembab, atau parasit dalam tubuh hewan dan manusia</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Reproduksi aseksual dengan fragmentasi yang diikuti regenersi</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Bersifat hermafrodit, reproduksi seksual, secara sendiri atau silang</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Terbagi menjadi tiga kelas ,yaitu Turbelaria (cacing berambut getar), Trematoda (c. isap) dan Cestoda (c, pita)</span></li>
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Kelas Turbelaria (cacing berambut getar)</div>
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<ul>
<li>Contoh Turbelaria adalah Dugesia, yang memiliki daya regenerasi yang sangat tinggi.</li>
<li>Regenerasi merupakan kemampuan makhluk hidup untuk menggantikan bagian tubuhnya yang rusak atau hilang. lihat gambar :</li>
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Kelas Trematoda (c. isap)</div>
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<ul>
<li>Memiliki alat pengisap, bersifat parasit, contohnya <i>Fasciola hepatica</i> (Cacing hati)</li>
<li>Perhatikan gambar daur hidup cacing hati :</li>
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<li><span style="color: blue;">Skema pada gambar di atas adalah : Cacing dewasa pada hati bertelur---> telur keluar bersama tinja----> menetas menjadi mirasidium (larva 1)-----> masuk tubuh siput air tawar (lymnea) ----> sporokista ----> Redia (larva 2)-----> serkaria ----> ke luar dari siput -----> menempel pada tumbuhan atau rumput air ------> metaserkaria (cacing muda)------> termakan hewan ternak----> masuk kehati.</span></li>
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<span style="color: red;">Kelas Cestoda (cacing pita)</span></div>
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<li>Cacing pita bersifat parasit pada usus halus manusia</li>
<li>Inang perantaranya adalah sapi pada <i>Taenia saginata</i> dan babi pada <i>Taenia solium</i></li>
<li>Untuk menghindari infeksi cacing tersebut adalah memasak dengan matang daging yang dimakan</li>
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4. Phylum Nemathelmynthes ( Cacing Benang)</div>
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<li>Hewan tripoblastik pseudocelomata, tubuh simetri bilateral, berbentuk bulat panjang, dilapisi kutikula, memiliki sistem pencernaan lengkap, sistem sirkulsi oleh cairan pseudoselomata, tidak memiliki sistem respirsi dan eksresi</li>
<li>Hidup bebas atau parasit</li>
<li>Hidup di tanah becek,dasar perairan tawar atau laut bebas, parasit dalam tubuh manusia, hewan dan tumbuhan</li>
<li>Reproduksi secara seksual</li>
<li>Contoh : Cacing perut, , c.tambang, c. filaria, c. kermi, dan c.Trichinella</li>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i>Ascaris lumbricoides </i>(cacing perut)</span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Awasss..., cacing perut dapat bertelur 200 ribu perhari lho, jika ada 5 ekor saja, maka jumlahnya bisa mencapai 1 juta perhari, mengerikan...., perhatikan gambar di atas di dalam usus seorang anak terdapat setengah kg cacing . Selengkapnya klik dokter disini <a href="http://klikdokter.com/healthnewstopics/read/2010/05/07/150275/sumbatan-usus-anak-oleh-1-2-kg-cacing-gelang">http://klikdokter.com/healthnewstopics/read/2010/05/07/150275/sumbatan-usus-anak-oleh-1-2-kg-cacing-gelang</a></span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Perhatikan siklus hidup Ascaris : Cacing dewasa hidup diusus halus dan bertelur--->telur keluar melalui feces manusia---> menempel pada tanaman-->termakan manusia--->usus halus (18 hari) --paru-paru menetas dan berkembang jadi cacing dewasa (10-14 hari)----> menembus alveoli, masuk bronkus, kerongkongan----> usus halus (dapat hidup 2-3 tahun)</span></li>
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<i>Ancylostoma duodenale</i> (cacing tambang</div>
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<ul>
<li>Hidup dipertambangan daerah tropis</li>
<li>Parasit dengan menyerap darah dan cairan di usus halus manusia</li>
<li>Ukuran jantan 9mm dan betina 12 mm</li>
<li>Perhatikan siklus hidupnya :</li>
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<i>Wuchereria brancrofti</i> (cacing filaria/rambut)</div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Tempat hidup dalam pembuluh limfa</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Menyebabkan penyakit kaki gajah (elefantiasis) yaitu pembengkakan tubuh, yang terjadi akibat akumulasi cairan limpa di dalam pembuluh limfa yang tersumbat oleh cacing filaria.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Cacing masuk ke tubuh ditularkan oleh gigitan nyamuk culex</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Perhatikan skema daur hidupnya :</span></li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLiwVTy9z1zZsZMtMOHqKRkcwC60uTI8PcIA89LLxje2l6fDyFcDZexlkayE7YqemnFYOo-40WK50PfgtF0bT334qFPCh_R1qr6FIYRDS80coKCmkVpIsi8cNg2367vhVS8t9pLQi9hrau/s1600/W_bancrofti_LifeCycle.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLiwVTy9z1zZsZMtMOHqKRkcwC60uTI8PcIA89LLxje2l6fDyFcDZexlkayE7YqemnFYOo-40WK50PfgtF0bT334qFPCh_R1qr6FIYRDS80coKCmkVpIsi8cNg2367vhVS8t9pLQi9hrau/s1600/W_bancrofti_LifeCycle.gif" /></a></div>
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<i>Oxyuris vermicularis</i> (cacing kremi)</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMDx1vvDbwymRj1wtKjTeEnr_dBD9q8RrJKI-020dDPEJYRCtQFJoNUCeuZlBZjpJRlVj5XEL-Ac-Rfeil1SyIQytW_-2qFnPk9A-BQrDCGrBnFfDYvpY6avkeSp0qee4Zwkiq4J6FkKFf/s1600/c+kremi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMDx1vvDbwymRj1wtKjTeEnr_dBD9q8RrJKI-020dDPEJYRCtQFJoNUCeuZlBZjpJRlVj5XEL-Ac-Rfeil1SyIQytW_-2qFnPk9A-BQrDCGrBnFfDYvpY6avkeSp0qee4Zwkiq4J6FkKFf/s1600/c+kremi.jpg" /></a></div>
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<ul>
<li>ukuran 10-15 mm</li>
<li>Hudup di usus besar manusia</li>
<li>Infeksi cacing kremi terjadi secara autoinfeksi (menginfeksi dirinya sendiri, tanpa inang perantara)</li>
<li>Telur dapat tertelan , bila kita memakan makanan yang terkontaminasi telur cacing,</li>
<li>Perhatikan skema siklus hidupnya :</li>
</ul>
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<i>Trichinella spiralis </i>(cacing otot)</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoBTRd_5rzqacHgf3Uruz-XBsEmEVlYA3DdsAJ750FKnUPDBjXLLtUWFBPG8QR55kT5YsGom7yXPZ3a8Cinncm7XqWnC9O9K4Ri5Cgijj2majpX6EQN470RwoCCqdaU7sQAia3pu_ARiFQ/s1600/c+otot.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoBTRd_5rzqacHgf3Uruz-XBsEmEVlYA3DdsAJ750FKnUPDBjXLLtUWFBPG8QR55kT5YsGom7yXPZ3a8Cinncm7XqWnC9O9K4Ri5Cgijj2majpX6EQN470RwoCCqdaU7sQAia3pu_ARiFQ/s1600/c+otot.jpg" /></a></div>
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<ul>
<li>Hidup pada otot manusia</li>
<li>Menyebabkan penyakit trichinosis, (kerusakan otot)</li>
</ul>
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5. Annelida (Cacing Gelang)</div>
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<ul>
<li>Hewan tripoblastik selomata, tubuh simetri bilateral bersegmen, memiliki otot, sistem pencernaan lengkap, sistem sirkulasi, sistem saraf tangga tali, dan sistem eksresi, tidk memiliki sistem respirasi, bersifat hermafrodit atau gonokoris</li>
<li>Hidup bebas di dasar laut, perairan tawar, tanah dan tempat-tempat lembab atau parasit pada tubuh vertebrata</li>
<li>Reproduksi secara aseksual dengan fragmentasi kemudian beregenerasi dan seksual dimana testis dan ovarium ada yang terdapat pada satu individu (hermafrodit), ada juga yang terpisah (gonokoris)</li>
<li>Terbagi menjadi tiga kelas Polychaeta. Oligochaeta, Hirudinea (lintah)</li>
</ul>
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Kelas Polychaeta (Annelida berambut banyak)<br />
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<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;">Polychaeta pada setiap segmen tubuhnya memiliki sepasang struktur seperti dayung yang disebut parapodia sebagai alat gerak, dan berfungsi juga sebagai insang untuk bernapas</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">ada tiap parapodia terdapat seta (rambut kaku)</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Contoh : cacing palolo dan cacing wawo, yang dapat dikonsumsi oleh orang di kepulauan Maluku</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Kelas Oligochaeta (Annelida berambut sedikit)</div>
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<ul>
<li>Cacing tanah makan dengan cara menelan tanah selama menggali, jadi organisme dan bahan organik yang ada dalam tanah akan dicerna, dan ada makanan yang tidak dicerna akan dikeluarkan melalui anus.</li>
<li>Sisa buangan ini akan di bawa ke permukaan tanah dan membentuk gundukan kecil yang disebut <b>kascing, yang</b> dapat menggemburkan dan menyuburkan tanah </li>
</ul>
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<span style="color: blue;">Kelas Hurudinea (lintah)</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju84EUFQt6sWFFhl4W1vRyV0Ce98vNnNhYHt3si8H3YvFr-m9I2tqaKW4OeDGmLo9LfnRoLVAuJSlgJnNnbthm2W_c3g0P_g1LV_kKBTw20mqC9KbZ-dwz4mWs6CD5eJ2ox5AXL02DJmR4/s1600/lintah.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: blue;"><img border="0" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju84EUFQt6sWFFhl4W1vRyV0Ce98vNnNhYHt3si8H3YvFr-m9I2tqaKW4OeDGmLo9LfnRoLVAuJSlgJnNnbthm2W_c3g0P_g1LV_kKBTw20mqC9KbZ-dwz4mWs6CD5eJ2ox5AXL02DJmR4/s1600/lintah.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></div>
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<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue;">Hirudinea ada yang bersifat ektoparasit di permukaan tubuh inangnya untuk mengisap darah dan ada yang hidup bebas dengan memakan invertebrata kecil, seperti sifut</span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue;">contoh pacet dan lintah yang memiliki rahang seperti silet untuk merobek kulit inang , kemudian mengeluarkan zat anastesi, dan juga mgaluarkan hirudin, (anti anti penggumpalan), sehingga lintah mengisap darah sebanyak mungkin</span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue;">Lintah dapat di gunakan untuk pengobatan penyakit mengeluarkandarah kotor dan bisul.</span></li>
</ul>
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<div>
6. Mo<span style="color: blue;">llusca (hewan lunak)</span></div>
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<div>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Hewan tripoblastik selomata dengan simetri bilateral, bertubuh lunak,</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Hidup bebas di laut, air tawar atau darat</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Tubuh terdiri dari kaki, massa viseral,dan mantel, bercangkang,</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Sistem pencernaan lengkap, sistem sirkulasi terbuka atau tertutup, sistem saraf terdiri dari ganglion dan serabur saraf, resfirasi dengan insang atau rongga mantel, eksresi dengan nefridia</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Reproduksi seksual secara internal atau eksternal, dn bersift dioseus atau monoseus</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Terbagi menjadi tiga kelas yaitu Gastropoda (kaki di perut), Pelecypoda (kaki pipih seperti kampak), Cephalopoda (kaki di kepala)</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Peranan moluska yang menguntungkan sebagai bahan makanan, perhiasan, sedangkan yang merugikan merupakan hama tanaman (bekicot), dan perantara penyakit cacing hati <i>(Lymnea</i>)</span></li>
</ul>
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Kelas Gastropoda (kaki di perut)<br />
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;">Gastrpoda (latin, gaster= perut, podos =kaki) adalah kelompok hewan yang menggunakan perut sebagai alat derak /kaki</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Ex : siput air (<i>Lymnea sp</i>), bekicot (<i>Achatina fulica</i>)</li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7oD-mcdAAuel2xqPLBeHHczpthEKw9-qbAlz7rfh4TgCl_ItKesHMMwnTH4CxyL61huMQxpZfVCt8yx-a0822Nhcikui6B5H9RDEeeeDla-sRF_jh7N2T-cS5Y2nWDNGbJBdisnr-l7c/s1600/bekicot+pd+daun.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7oD-mcdAAuel2xqPLBeHHczpthEKw9-qbAlz7rfh4TgCl_ItKesHMMwnTH4CxyL61huMQxpZfVCt8yx-a0822Nhcikui6B5H9RDEeeeDla-sRF_jh7N2T-cS5Y2nWDNGbJBdisnr-l7c/s1600/bekicot+pd+daun.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPEby1w8EMYmT1e4Xfo_BILeK54l5eBQO4O3qQumCL8EL3rOGXXenGgtGz-dD6OQnqXVAbh_3b2fDv7wk_x1hY3u594B7o59Drl8NzUliZ80s0lAPpDvvT7Zc8_Kvfwfz9PAJprHtKlNUl/s1600/bekicot.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="113" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPEby1w8EMYmT1e4Xfo_BILeK54l5eBQO4O3qQumCL8EL3rOGXXenGgtGz-dD6OQnqXVAbh_3b2fDv7wk_x1hY3u594B7o59Drl8NzUliZ80s0lAPpDvvT7Zc8_Kvfwfz9PAJprHtKlNUl/s1600/bekicot.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: blue; text-align: left;">Kelas Pelecypoda (kaki pipih seperti kampak)</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9IxmnRcwqmgBaQGP43mC7Qa8y_cqXpyPTkITK8SLOtNUaSKYwSU5oXKAsBcpHWOhKvknZr8SaCduOTmfGsmW3g7Gux4PE1iiEUvl54NFDw2hCz63Vq6itS9Xa3BcXQuRYaUAzmabKZimY/s1600/kapah.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: blue;"><img border="0" height="149" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9IxmnRcwqmgBaQGP43mC7Qa8y_cqXpyPTkITK8SLOtNUaSKYwSU5oXKAsBcpHWOhKvknZr8SaCduOTmfGsmW3g7Gux4PE1iiEUvl54NFDw2hCz63Vq6itS9Xa3BcXQuRYaUAzmabKZimY/s1600/kapah.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSCp1oFf-5CHrNBNY8LT-FEeS8G08Wb8aD5yJJa8VmC0BD4FW1llqQazygbcA-gkwz0556RjHDTpQIviUhZHYrdXffzaXF0u1BEat7-N7NHNWdmPAMz8Ys4qE1nDtp_CqLeJfxhvk6BsBZ/s1600/tiram+mutiara.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: blue;"><img border="0" height="149" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSCp1oFf-5CHrNBNY8LT-FEeS8G08Wb8aD5yJJa8VmC0BD4FW1llqQazygbcA-gkwz0556RjHDTpQIviUhZHYrdXffzaXF0u1BEat7-N7NHNWdmPAMz8Ys4qE1nDtp_CqLeJfxhvk6BsBZ/s1600/tiram+mutiara.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></div>
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<ul style="text-align: center;">
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue;">memiliki dua buah cangkang pipih setangkup sehingga disebut <b>bivalvia</b></span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue;">Cangkang tersusun dari<b> </b>lapisan<b> perioatakum,prismatik, nakreas</b></span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue;">Pada tiram mutiara, jika diantara mantel dan cangkangnya masuk benda asing seperti pasir, lama kelamaan akan terbentuk mutiara. Mutiara terbentuk karena benda asing terbungkus oleh hasil sekresi lapisan cangkang <b>nakreas</b></span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue;">Memiliki insang berbentuk lembaran yang disebut<b> lamellibranchiata</b></span></li>
</ul>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtIOAY6ZRYe99E_H0FqiUm57klQzB41cbk7UYaTAI9DnulkLglJ9gKo-kzyuGiUZ350DcXalxTpN2Uoe0CFCTMr4wCZVqzVIHfzmA-4pufHilpH7VovPuPXta7BuBH1Em50uMeAErXQxnX/s1600/gurita.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="127" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtIOAY6ZRYe99E_H0FqiUm57klQzB41cbk7UYaTAI9DnulkLglJ9gKo-kzyuGiUZ350DcXalxTpN2Uoe0CFCTMr4wCZVqzVIHfzmA-4pufHilpH7VovPuPXta7BuBH1Em50uMeAErXQxnX/s1600/gurita.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEsiNJyox5tILz0YZ_ojhSQTX7D6Sex55ItEwwvuY12K2CfZ6KUhmNzRP629rzmfR1Qsc2dmmAHrvkjIFZr7VbSgSvIqSzpONxNpzvyN23njBG0ACw4yvnjpUjyc81rdA_Y6Y66i0j9dDi/s1600/cumi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEsiNJyox5tILz0YZ_ojhSQTX7D6Sex55ItEwwvuY12K2CfZ6KUhmNzRP629rzmfR1Qsc2dmmAHrvkjIFZr7VbSgSvIqSzpONxNpzvyN23njBG0ACw4yvnjpUjyc81rdA_Y6Y66i0j9dDi/s1600/cumi.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="text-align: left;">Kelas Cephalopoda (kaki di kepala)</span><br />
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<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;">memiliki kantong tinta, yang berisi cairan seperti tinta berwarna hitam, untuk melindungi diri musuh, caranya jika terancam oleh musuh maka cairan tinta akan dikeluarkan melalui anus yang terletak di kepala</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">makanan berupa kepiting, ikan atau invertebrata lainnya</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">contoh : cumi-cumi (<i>loligi sp</i>), gurita (<i>Octopus sp</i>), sotong (<i>Sepia officinalis</i>)</li>
</ul>
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7. Filum Arthropoda ( hewan kaki beruas)</div>
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<ul>
<li>Hewan tripoblastik selomata, simetri bilateral, memiliki kaki dan tubuh beruas</li>
<li>Hidup deberbagai habitat secara bebas, parasit, komensal atau simbiotik</li>
<li>Tubuh terdiri dari caput (kepala), toraks (dada),dan abdomen (perut), berangka luar(eksoskeleton), jumlah anggota tubuh beragam</li>
<li>Sistem indra berkemang baik, sistem saraf tangga tali, sistem pencernaan lengkap, eksresi menggunakan tubula malphigi atau dibantu kelenjar eksresi tertentu, respirasi dngan insang, paru-paru buku atau trakea, sistem sirkulasi terbuka artinya darah tidak selalu mengalir di dalam pembuluh darah </li>
<li>Bersifat deoseus, reproduksi seksual secara internal</li>
<li>Mengalami<b> eksdisis</b> atau <b>molting </b>yaitu tahap pengelupasan eksoskeleton, sebagian bermetamorfosis</li>
<li>Reproduksi secara aseksual ada yang mengalami partenogenesis yaitu pembentukan individu baru tanpa melalui fertilisasi (pembuahan) dan individu yang dihasilkan bersifat steril terjadi pada lebah madu jantan, tawon dan semut, dan seksual dengan pembentukan gamet</li>
<li>Terbagi menjadi empat kelas berdsarkan srtuktur tubuh dan kaki, yaitu Arachnoidea, Myriapoda, Crustacea, dan Insecta</li>
</ul>
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1.<span style="color: red;"> K</span>elas Arachnoidea (laba-laba)</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;">Arachnoidea terbagi menjadi tiga ordo yaitu Arachnida, Scorpionida dan Acarina</li>
</ul>
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Arachnida</div>
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Scorpionida</div>
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Acarina</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;">Scorpionida memiliki alat penyengat beracun pada segmen terakhir, contoh kalajengking (Uroctonus mondax)</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Arachnida , contoh laba-laba serigala (Pardosa amenata), memiliki ciri-ciri tubuh terdiri dari sepalotoraks (kepala-dada menyatu) dan abdomen abdomen yang tidak bersegmen, memiliki sepasang kalisera (alat sengat), sepasang pedipalpus (capit).Pada bagian posterior abdomen terdapat spinered yaitu organ berbentuk kerucut dan dapat berputar bebas. Dalam spinered terdapat spigot merupakan lubang pengeluaran kelenjar benang halus yang mensekresikan cairan yang mengandung protein elastik, yang akan mengeras di udara membentuk benang halus untuk menjebak mangsa (sarang laba-laba). respirasi dengan paru-paru buku (trakea), eksresi dengan tubula malpighi ataupun dengan kelenjar koksal.</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Acarina memiliki tubuh yang sangat kecil, contoh caplak (tungau)</li>
</ul>
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<span style="text-align: left;">Kelas Myriapoda (berkaki banyak)</span></div>
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<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;">Myriopoda terbagi menjadi dua ordo yaitu Chilopoda dan Diplopoda</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Contoh chilopoda adalah kelabang (Csutigera sp).Pada tiap segmen tubuhnya terdapat sepasang kaki dan spirakel (liubang respirasi). pasangan pertama kaki termodifikasi menjadi alat penyengat beracun.</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Diplopoda atau kaki seribu atau keluwing, bersifat herbivora dan pemakan sisa organisme, tiap segmen tubuh memiliki dua pasang kaki dan dua pasang spirakel, tidak memili,alat penyengat, bila diganggu tubuhnya akan menggulung.</li>
</ul>
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<span style="text-align: left;">Kelas Crustacea,</span></div>
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<ul>
<li>Crustaceae (Latin,crusta = kulit); memiliki kulit (eksoskeleton) yang keras</li>
<li>Terbagi menjadi dua subkelas yaitu Entomostraca dan Malacostraca</li>
<li>Entomostraca merupakan crustacea mikroskopis, contoh daphnia</li>
<li>Malacostraca, contohnya udang dan kepiting</li>
</ul>
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Kelas Insecta (serangga)</div>
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<ul>
<li>Disebut Hexapoda (kaki berjumlah enam buah)</li>
<li>Tubuh terdiri dari bagian kaput(kepala), toraks (dada) , perut (abdomen)</li>
<li>Pada caput terda[pat sepasang antena, mata majemuk (mata faset/ mata majemuk) yaitu mata yang terdiri dari banyak inti fokus) dan mata tunggal (oseli)</li>
<li>Serangga mengalami metamorfosis, yaitu perubahan bentuk dan ukuran tubuh saat berkembang dari muda menjadi dewasa. Ada dua macam metamorfosis, yaitu</li>
</ul>
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<ol>
<li>metamorfosis sempurna (holometabola)</li>
<li>metamorfosis tidak sempurna (hemimetabola)</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Metamorfosis sempurna adalah perkembangan insecta dimana setiap tahap menunjukan perubahan bentuk yang sangat berbeda (4 tahap pertumbuhan), yaitu telur-larva-pupa dan dewasa. Terjadi pada kupu-kupu dan nyamuk</span></li>
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<ul>
<li>Metamorfosis tidak sempiurna adalah tahap perkembangan insecta dimana insecta muda yang menetas mirip dengan induknya, hanya ada organ yang belum muncul seperti sayap (3 tahap pertumbuhan), yaitu telur- nimfa-dewasa. Terjadi pada belalang, kecoak, jangkrik, capung</li>
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8. Filum Echinodermata (Hewan berkulit duri)<br />
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<ul>
<li>Hewan tripoblastik selomata, simetri bilateral, permukaan tubuh berduri,</li>
<li>Habitat hidup bebas di dasar laut</li>
<li>Duri tumpul atau runcing, memiliki sistem ambulakral,saraf sistem sarap berupa cincin sarap yg bercabang, sistem pencernaan lengkap.tidak memiliki sistem eksresi, resfirai dengan insang pada rongga tubuh, sistem sirkulasi dengan cairan rongga tubuh</li>
<li>Bersifat dioseus, reproduksi seksual secara eksternal, dpat beregenersi</li>
<li>Terbagi menjadi lima kelas yaitu Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea dan Crinoidea</li>
</ul>
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<span style="text-align: left;">9. Filum Chordata terbagi menjadi tiga subfilum yaitu</span></div>
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<li>Subfilum Urochordata (Tunikata), yaitu tidak memiliki notokord, tali saraf dan ekor saat dewasa, hidup di dasar laut<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<li>Subfilum Cephalochordata (Lancelet), memiliki notokord di bagian kepala, teli saraf, ekor dan celah faring<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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</li>
<li>Subfilum vertebrata, penyokong tubuh (notokord) di tulang belakang</li>
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<div>
<ul>
<li>Vertebrata adalah kelompok hewan yang memiliki vertebrae memanjang pada bagian dorsal dari kepala hingga ekor</li>
<li>Tubuh terdiri atas kepala, badan, dua pasang anggota badan,kulit tersusun atas epidermis dan dermis, endoskeleton terdiri atas tulang atau tulang rawan, memiliki sistem pencernaan</li>
<li>alat eksresi ginjal, respirasi dengan kulit dan paru-paru,sistem peredaran darah tertutup</li>
<li>Hidup diberbagai habitat, di darat maupun diperairan</li>
<li>Berdasarkan ada tidaknya rahang terbagi menjadi dua superkelas, yaitu Agnatha dan Gnatostomata</li>
<li>Gnataostomata terbagi menjadi 5 kelas, yaitu pisces (ikan), Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves dan Mamalia<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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</ul>
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<ol>
<li>Agnatha (tidak memiliki rahang) dengan ciri berbadan panjang dan ramping (seperti belut), contoh Lamprey dan Hagfish<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnEmebvWBR6xZ6Up5cURqKL54DYydOyYkik8IHWAAygrA8lzExpmRzt2bWWMSLksWVXr7iYS1T9Tb-LI283ngMsL5AeFzSE9v0pw5B8JAAt5h9a8t6HJ6A3JCS-J9ZeJr9KqZbVpg69y5R/s1600/Lampreys.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnEmebvWBR6xZ6Up5cURqKL54DYydOyYkik8IHWAAygrA8lzExpmRzt2bWWMSLksWVXr7iYS1T9Tb-LI283ngMsL5AeFzSE9v0pw5B8JAAt5h9a8t6HJ6A3JCS-J9ZeJr9KqZbVpg69y5R/s1600/Lampreys.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<li>Gnathostomata (memiliki rahang bersendi yang dapat digerakan ke atas ke bawah, terbagi menjadi enam kelas yaitu :</li>
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<ul>
<li>1. Chondrichthyes (ikan bertulang rawan), ex : Hiu dan Pari<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<li>2. Osteichthyes (ikan bertulang keras), memiliki ciri :sisik sikloid dan stenoid,operculum,gelembung renang, poikiloterm, respirasi dengan insang, peredaran darah tertutup, jantung 2 ruang, ex :kuda laut, ikan nila, ikan gabus dll<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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3. Amphibia (hidup di dua tempat di darat dan di air), memiliki ciri fase larva di air (insang), fase dewasa di darat (paru dan kulit), permukaan kulit basah oleh lendir, poikiloterm, fertilisasi eksternal, jantung 3 ruang, terbagi menjadi 3 ordo yaitu Anura (katak, kodok), Urodella (salamander), Apoda (Caicilia)</div>
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</li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">4. Reptilia (hewan melata), memiliki ciri : tubuh terbuat dari sisik yang terbuat dari zat tanduk, respirasi dengan paru-paru,poikiloterm, mengalami pergantian kulit (kornifikasi),jantung terdiri dari 4 ruang dengan sekat yang belum sempurna, fertilisasi internal,telur dilapisi oleh cangkang, terbagi menjadi 3 ordo yaitu Crocodilia (buaya dan aligator), squamata (kadal dan ular), Testudinata (kura-kura dan penyu)</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<li><span style="color: blue;">5. Aves ( burung), memiliki ciri : tubuh dilindungi oleh bulu, punya sepasang sayap , paruh, Homoioterm, ovivar, respirasi paru-paru dan kantung udara, jantung terdiri 4 ruang sempurna, ex : elang, penguin, bebek dll</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<li><span style="color: red;">6. Mamalia (hewan menyusui), memiliki ciri, permukaan tubuh ditutupi oleh rambut, memiliki glandula mamae (kelenjar susu), vivivar, jantung 4 ruang (sekat sempurna), homoiterm, 4 anggota gerak, respirasi paru-paru, memiliki gigi.</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12px;">- Terdiri atas 3 sub kelas :</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span class="Apple-style-span"></span></span><br />
<div style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="ws9" style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12px;"> 1. </span><span class="ws9" style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12px;"><b>Prototheria</b></span><span class="ws9" style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12px;">: Ordo Monotremata (Bertelur)</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="ws9" style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12px;"> Ex: Plathypus (Ornithorhynchus sp), Echidna (Tachyglossus sp)</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="ws9" style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12px;"> 2. </span><span class="ws9" style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12px;"><b>Metatheria</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="ws9" style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12px;"> Ordo: Marsupialia (Hewan Berkantung)</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="ws9" style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12px;"> OPASUM, KANGURU, TASMANIA</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="ws9" style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12px;"> 3. </span><span class="ws9" style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12px;"><b>Eutheria</b></span><span class="ws9" style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12px;"> (Mamalia Berplasenta)</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="ws9" style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12px;"> carnivora, rodentia, cetacean, chiroptera</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="ws9" style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px;">Keterangan :</span></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><b>Hewan berdarah dingin</b> atau disebut juga <b>Poikiloterm</b> adalah hewan yang <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Suhu">suhu</a> tubuhnya kira-kira sama dengan suhu lingkungan sekitarnya <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poikiloterm#cite_note-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup>. Poikiloterm suhu tubuhnya dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan. Suhu tubuh bagian dalam lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan suhu tubuh luar. Yang termasuk dalam Poikiloterm adalah bangsa <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ikan">Ikan</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Reptil">Reptil</a>, dan <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfibi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Amfibi">Amfibi</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poikiloterm#cite_note-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: underline;">[2</a></sup></span></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Homoiterm</b> adalah <b>hewan berdarah panas</b>. Pada hewan homoiterm suhunya lebih stabil, hal ini dikarenakan adanya reseptor dalam otaknya sehingga dapat mengatur suhu tubuh. Hewan homoiterm dapat melakukan aktivitas pada suhu lingkungan yang berbeda akibat dari kemampuan mengatur suhu tubuh. Hewan homoiterm mempunyai variasi temperatur normal yang dipengaruhi oleh faktor <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umur" style="background-image: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Umur">umur</a>, faktor <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelamin" style="background-image: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Kelamin">kelamin</a>, faktor <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingkungan" style="background-image: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Lingkungan">lingkungan</a>, faktor <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waktu" style="background-image: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Waktu">panjang waktu siang dan malam</a>, faktor <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makanan" style="background-image: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Makanan">makanan</a> yang dikonsumsi, dan faktor jenuh pencernaan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" style="background-image: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Air">air</a>. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoiterm#cite_note-1" style="background-image: none; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup> <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoiterm#cite_note-2" style="background-image: none; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup>Hewan berdarah panas adalah hewan yang dapat menjaga suhu tubuhnya, pada suhu-suhu tertentu yang konstan biasanya lebih tinggi dibandingkan lingkungan sekitarnya. Sebagian panas hilang melalui proses radiasi, berkeringat yang menyejukkan badan. Melalui evaporasi berfungsi menjaga suhu tubuh agar tetap konstan. </span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">contoh : burung dan mamalia</span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span>
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Daftar rujukan gambar<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/</div>
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http://fitrianapipite.blogspot.com/</div>
</div>
<div>
http://budisma.web.id/materi/sma/kelas-x-biologi/klasifikasi-struktur-jaringan-tubuh-porifera/<br />
<a href="http://fakhrunita.byethost14.com/klasifikasi.htm">http://fakhrunita.byethost14.com/klasifikasi.htm</a><br />
<a href="http://tyiiaanggina.blogspot.com/2011/04/mengintip-ulah-cacing-pada-manusia-hii.html">http://tyiiaanggina.blogspot.com/2011/04/mengintip-ulah-cacing-pada-manusia-hii.html</a><br />
<a href="http://tanamanherba.com/penyakit-pencernaan/cacing-kremi-oxyuriasis.html">http://tanamanherba.com/penyakit-pencernaan/cacing-kremi-oxyuriasis.html</a><br />
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/107475529/Phylum-Echinodermata<br />
<a href="http://other95.blogspot.com/">http://other95.blogspot.co</a>m<br />
<a href="http://www.hi-techmall.org/ckids/blog/daur-hidup-kupu-kupu">http://www.hi-techmall.org/ckids/blo</a>gspot.com<br />
<a href="http://www.hi-techmall.org/ckids/blog/daur-hidup-kupu-kupu"></a><a href="http://makeyousmarter.blogspot.com/">http://makeyousmarter.blogspot.com</a><br />
<a href="http://smat.kridanusantara.com/lms/biologi/animalia/chordata.html">http://smat.kridanusantara.com/lms/biologi/animalia/chordata.html</a><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=x9OOphMNmxwC&pg=PA151&lpg=PA151&dq=hewan+yang+mengalami+partenogenesis&source=bl&ots=McoYZLy2Dd&sig=lYl_aLUCRj6SIaitB2L40NxqBB0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wClOUbbZJcnqrQe-74GABw&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ" style="color: #1122cc; cursor: pointer;">Biologi Jl. 3 Ed. 5 - Page 151 - Google Books Result</a></span><br />
http://duniasirkusdannie.files.wordpress.com<br />
<a href="http://bempspendidikanbiologi.blogspot.com/">http://bempspendidikanbiologi.blogspot.com</a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">KINGDOM PLANTAE (DUNIA TUMBUHAN)</span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Tumbuhan adalah : organisme eukaryotik, multisel, berklorofil,
memiliki dinding sel, autotrop <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dunia tumbuhan dikelompokan menjadi tumbuhan tidak
berpembuluh atau non- tracheophyta ( tumbuhan lumut), dan tumbuhan
berpembuluh atau tracheophyta (tumbuhan paku dan timbuhan berbiji) yaitu xilem dan floem. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Xilem berfungsi mengangkut air dan garam-garam dari akar ke daun</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Floem berfungsi mengangkut hasil-hasil fotosintesis</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tumbuhan terbagi menjadi tiga (3) Divisi :<o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bryophyta (tumbuhan lumut)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pteridophyta (tumbuhan paku)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Spermatophyta (tumbuhan berbiji</span></span></div>
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<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Untuk lebih jelasnya perhatikan skema klasifikasi tumbuhan di bawah ini </span></li>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;">A.</span> Divisi Bryophyta
(tumbuhan lumut)</span></b><span style="color: white; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSulHqEEVBvYEC4nmMvyG2wA66fqkP7pfVGD9aEmjZMFFjgZvbyvE-hJ6K_1BMXxgYDaeJl8XIFAeiaKYEzU-W39xnzGmbmLhXnwftZ8t1812mIprIO01O8NfP2pvaeTzf8FsIPo83sce2/s1600/lumut.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSulHqEEVBvYEC4nmMvyG2wA66fqkP7pfVGD9aEmjZMFFjgZvbyvE-hJ6K_1BMXxgYDaeJl8XIFAeiaKYEzU-W39xnzGmbmLhXnwftZ8t1812mIprIO01O8NfP2pvaeTzf8FsIPo83sce2/s1600/lumut.jpg" width="257" /></span></a></div>
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<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><b>Tumbuhan lumut merupakan</b> sekumpulan tumbuhan kecil, yang hidup di darat dan masih menyukai tempat lembab, tidak memiliki akar, batang dan daun sejati, serta tidak memiliki pembuluh pengangkut (xilem dan floem), merupakan tumbuhan peralihan antara tumbuhan ber-talus (Talofita) dengan tumbuhan ber-kormus (kormofita) dan mengalami pergiliran keturunan</span></li>
</ol>
<ul><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">
<li>Talofita adalah tumbuhan yang tidak dapat dibedakan antara akar, batang dan daun.</li>
<li>Kormofita adalah tumbuhan yang sudah dapat dibedakan antara akar, batang dan daun</li>
<li>Disebut tumbuhan peralihan karena ada tumbuhan yang masih berupa talus (lembaran, yaitu lumut hati), tetapi ada juga yang sudah memiliki struktur tubuh mirip akar, batang dan daun sejati (lumut daun). Perhatikan gambar antara lumut hati dan lumut daun di bawah ini :</li>
<li>tumbuhan lumut merupakan tumbuhan pelopor (vegetasi perintis), yang tumbuh disuatu tempat sebelum tumbuhan lain mampu tumbuh</li>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. Ciri-ciri tubuh Tumbuhan Lumut :</span></b><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>- ukuran </b>: makroskopis 1-2 cm, dan ada yang mencapai 40 cm.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>- Bentuk tubuh :</b> memiliki dua bentuk generasi, yaitu <b>generasi Gametofit dan generasi Sporofit</b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<ul>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b> </b>Gametofit adalah lumut yang menghasilkan gamet (sel kelamin )</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Sporofit adalah lumut yang menghasilkan spora, letak menunpang pada gametofit, perhatikan gb di bawah ini :</span></li>
</ul>
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<a href="http://blog.uad.ac.id/miftahulnurfitriyah/files/2011/12/220px-Sporogonium.jpg" style="clear: left; color: white; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-eVv_9EKO9ahQPxiNSFmiwn74pZT-odoCYVDz-jcICOkkcerSPFyZh1YJNOZc3j9p6CFR99KeqJcZamg7S3itgmQVPzvgJhs992c0LnwQ9QpBsLbKJkYJzu14I_dhG_FND7FLMkdktpvZ/s1600/download.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="244" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-eVv_9EKO9ahQPxiNSFmiwn74pZT-odoCYVDz-jcICOkkcerSPFyZh1YJNOZc3j9p6CFR99KeqJcZamg7S3itgmQVPzvgJhs992c0LnwQ9QpBsLbKJkYJzu14I_dhG_FND7FLMkdktpvZ/s1600/download.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">-Struktur dan fungsi tubuh :</span></b><br />
<ul>
<li><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Generasi gametofit :</span></b></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Merupakan generasi penghasil gamet</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Terdiri dari sel dengan kromosom yang tidak berpasangan (haploid)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Memiliki alat perkembangbiakan yang disebut gametangium</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Gametangium terdiri dari gametangium jantan dan betina</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Gametangium jantan disebut anteridium menghasilkan spermatozoid</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Gametangium betina disebut arkegonium menghasilkan sel telur (ovum)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Gamet dihasilkan dari pembelahan meosis (reduksi), yaitu pembelahan 2 kali pada satu untu gamet menjadi </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 4 inti gamet haploid</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- merupakan tumbuhan lumut yang tampak sehari-hari berwarna hijau</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Berdasarkan letak anteridium dan arkegonium, lumut terbagi menjadi 2, yaitu :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 1. Lumut berumah satu (monoceus), jika anteridium dan arkegonium terdapat pada satu gametofit</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 2. Lumut berumah dua (dioceus) ; jika antridium dan arkegonium , terpisah pada 2 gametofit.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Generasi Sporofit (sporogonium) :</span></b></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Terdiri dari sel-sel gengan kromosom yang berpasangan (diploid)</span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Merupakan generasi penghasil spora</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Spora dihasilkan di dalam kotak spora (sporangium)</span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Letak sporofit menumpang pada gametofit</span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Sporofit menghasilkan spora dengan bentuk dan ukuran yang sama (homospora/isospora).</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>3.<span class="Apple-style-span"> Cara Hidup : </span></b><span class="Apple-style-span">autotrof artinya mengolah makanan sendiri dengan melakukan fotosintesis.</span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>4. Habitat </b>: tanah, bebatuan, dan pohon yang lembab dan teduh</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>5. Reproduksi :</b> terjadi secara aseksual dan seksual</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Aseksual : dilakukan dengan spora, prosesnya adalah sporogonium (lumut sporofit) membentuk sporangium, di dalam sporangium terjadi pembelahan membentuk spora haploid, spora tumbuh jadi protonema, kemudian tumbuh jadi gametof haploid (n).</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Seksual : terjadi penyatuan gamet jantan (spermatozoid) dengan gamet betina (ovum). prosesnya adalah , fertilisasi antara sperma dan ovum menghasilkan zigot (2n). Zigot membelah menjadi embrio yang kemudian tumbuh menjadi sporofit yang diploid (2n).</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Reproduksi lumut menunjukan adanya metagenesis pada lumut, yaitu pergiliran antara generasi gametofit (n) dengan generasi sporofit (2n).</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dalam daur hidupnya generasi gametofit merupakan generasi yang dominan dibandingkan generasi sporof.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Perhatikan skema siklus hidup/ metagenesis lumut di bawah ini : Spora- protonema-tumbuhan lumut-zigot-sporofit</span></li>
</ul>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">6. Klasaifikasi : </span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tumbuhan lumut merupakan tumbuhan talus, hidup ditempat lembab dan autotrof. </span></div>
<div class="" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Terbagi menjadi 3 kelas: Lumut hati, lumut tanduk dan lumut daun. </span><br />
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<ol>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hepaticopsida (lumut hati)</span></li>
</ol>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg5kPCHSKLRaQkVRvnbuzBnyTb3GCGTZXd_RDkzc9wHzulh4XrcydnB4aLnfA171dfqdiK_wV0-MAa3RUmp0mpa0b8X1FD1x-0e15V6R9wL_S5HnRwsl771ptrPxMXxEAQviJ5qqpa6R_u/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg5kPCHSKLRaQkVRvnbuzBnyTb3GCGTZXd_RDkzc9wHzulh4XrcydnB4aLnfA171dfqdiK_wV0-MAa3RUmp0mpa0b8X1FD1x-0e15V6R9wL_S5HnRwsl771ptrPxMXxEAQviJ5qqpa6R_u/s1600/images.jpg" /></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- tubuh berbentuk talus, berlobus seperti hati manusia</span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- merupakan lumut berumah dua (deoceus)</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Reproduksi aseksual dengan cara fragmentasi, pembentukan gemmacup </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (kuncup) dan spora</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Gemmacup adalah struktur khas yang terdapat pada gametofit</span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> berupa mangkok yang mengandung kumpulan lumut kecil.</span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Gemma dapat lepas dan tersebaroleh air kemudian tumbuh menjadi </span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> lumut baru.</span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Reproduksi seksual terjadi dengan fertilisasi antara spema dan ovum </span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> membentuk zigot.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> - Contoh<i> Marchantia polimorpha</i></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. Anthocerotopsida (lumut tanduk)</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggJSSZFH4CqwSW7iCpSuBLqSdxFd03-iiqd4dl0oO4KF_oqsD_JkDf9d8WFWeteG0_A2vg_Q0gdBl93kaIoAxXPLziqoPrVszFJJHTS_RxTzTsWYUE7Alze941xl8_r-XyYUB3oUgmpKIA/s1600/Lumut+tanduk.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="173" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggJSSZFH4CqwSW7iCpSuBLqSdxFd03-iiqd4dl0oO4KF_oqsD_JkDf9d8WFWeteG0_A2vg_Q0gdBl93kaIoAxXPLziqoPrVszFJJHTS_RxTzTsWYUE7Alze941xl8_r-XyYUB3oUgmpKIA/s1600/Lumut+tanduk.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>- Anthoceropsida</b> sering disebut lumut tanduk.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Gametofitnya mirip dengan lumut hati, perbedaannya terletak pada </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> sporofitnya.</span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- <b>Sporofit lumut tanduk</b> mempunyai kapsul memanjang yang tumbuh</span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> seperti tanduk dari gametofit.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Contoh lumut tanduk adalah Anthoceros laevis (lumut tanduk).</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3. Bryopsida (lumut daun)</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Merupakan lumut sejati karena bentuk tubuhnya mirip tumbuhan kecil </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> yang memiliki bagian akar (rizoid), batang dan daun.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- hidup berkelompok membentuk hamparan tebal seperti beludru</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- contoh Polytrihcum dan Spagnum</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">7. Manfaat Tumbuhan lumut</span></b><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> - Beberapa spesies Sphagnum dapat digunakan sebagai obat kulit dan mata.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> - Beberapa tumbuhan lumut yang tumbuh di hutan hujan dapat digunakan sebagai penahan erosi dan</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> menyerap air</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> - Dapat digunakan sebagai ornamen tata ruang</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> - Marchantia sebagai obat penyakit hati</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span><br />
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Divisi Pterydophyta (Tumbuhan Paku)</span></b></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>1. Tumbuhan Paku adalah</b> : tumbuhan yang sudah memiliki akar, batang dan daun sejati, berkembang biak</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> dengan spora (kormofita berspora), dan memiliki pembuluh angkut xilem dan floem, memiliki klorofil, berakar serabut dan mengalami pergiliran keturunan</span><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. Ciri Tubuh</span></b><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <b>- Ukuran :</b> bervariasi , 2 cm (paku air), 5 m (paku tiang), 15m (paku purba)</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9zz-1R2R0_HDYheNzndTejO89e3VZAaLRS_Ve_akW4j7VcNhBVfOcx9zFfNGKWGPtU8yRt3Hn-FL_dChtLrFNMrx50UL8OB9EFRDA1PM8KNG2mpNecJ6wDLIC75sSy3ZPo7t7t-EhVLug/s1600/240px-Rainforest_near_Belle_-_Dominica.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9zz-1R2R0_HDYheNzndTejO89e3VZAaLRS_Ve_akW4j7VcNhBVfOcx9zFfNGKWGPtU8yRt3Hn-FL_dChtLrFNMrx50UL8OB9EFRDA1PM8KNG2mpNecJ6wDLIC75sSy3ZPo7t7t-EhVLug/s1600/240px-Rainforest_near_Belle_-_Dominica.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWPmuyMw_TulaLsIzpBqyBnX1LxeEX4q7mHLmJ3mbwgVKQC9p9QUZIuD7L6WlDyL74DFMkx272YAP6T4o3HNX-REinVfk8ZcVZS5ZOXjJ93TxIO8EY92jpNx9Lv4-YN-vkgJ7K3rmiA-Bl/s1600/semanggi-marsilea_azorica.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWPmuyMw_TulaLsIzpBqyBnX1LxeEX4q7mHLmJ3mbwgVKQC9p9QUZIuD7L6WlDyL74DFMkx272YAP6T4o3HNX-REinVfk8ZcVZS5ZOXjJ93TxIO8EY92jpNx9Lv4-YN-vkgJ7K3rmiA-Bl/s1600/semanggi-marsilea_azorica.jpg" width="200" /></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">-<b> Bentuk :</b> lembaran, perdu (pohon), seperti tanduk rusa</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">-<b> Struktur dan fungsi :</b> memiliki dua generasi yaitu sporofit dan gametofit.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Generasi Sporofit</span></b></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>- </b>Merupakan generasi penghasil spora</span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Umumnya sporofit tumbuhan paku memiliki akar, batang dan daun sejati</span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Batang ada yang tumbuh tegak , ada yang di bawah tanah, yang disebut rizom</span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Memiliki dua macam ukuran daun mikrofil (daun kecil seperti sisik) dan makrofil (daun besar)</span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Memiliki dua jenis daun, yaitu :</span></div>
<div>
<ul>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">daun steril (tropofil ) : daunyang tidak menghasilkan spora</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">daun fertil (sporofil) : daun yang menghasilkan spora</span></li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihhOtoG9j9aVqFwYrQ08B4swdVqQ_P949ClqKILMaHRLjXEewHQfxePT1fkDWnfVMfpoXKeGDk4R21Qpg2KYqDGaEZZKh-KKUKnp9vJjdm6-a-UunVHJM3WXggJ2EUA3WbQlTtZ9ipXPnz/s1600/images+(15).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihhOtoG9j9aVqFwYrQ08B4swdVqQ_P949ClqKILMaHRLjXEewHQfxePT1fkDWnfVMfpoXKeGDk4R21Qpg2KYqDGaEZZKh-KKUKnp9vJjdm6-a-UunVHJM3WXggJ2EUA3WbQlTtZ9ipXPnz/s1600/images+(15).jpg" /></span></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Pada daun fertil terdapat kotak spora (sporangium)</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Sporangium berkelompok membentuk sorus, yang dilindungi selaput indusium</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Pada paku yang berdaun kecil sporangium berupa strobilus di ujung cabang</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- <span style="color: blue;">Generasi sporofit merupakan tumbuhan paku itu sendiri yang memiliki ukuran lebih besar dan lebih domi</span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">nan dibandingkan generasi gametofit</span></div>
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<li><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Generasi Gametofit </span></b></li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTwDeYh9CHJKSG3-VT0lojhG-bINekEW353Aw7nAu663_qlat39dQq8BVPmdURKxMAlTLIZHgbEJLuWzfx6wNXUe094bofDRLEfyCeNVaJjaLRAFswcFf_xefDv383g2YCueYobGuD9ObQ/s1600/sb+paku.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTwDeYh9CHJKSG3-VT0lojhG-bINekEW353Aw7nAu663_qlat39dQq8BVPmdURKxMAlTLIZHgbEJLuWzfx6wNXUe094bofDRLEfyCeNVaJjaLRAFswcFf_xefDv383g2YCueYobGuD9ObQ/s1600/sb+paku.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>- </b>Merupakan generasi penghasil gamet</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Hanya berukuran beberapa milimeter saja</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Berbentuk seperti hati berupa lembaran, memiliki rizoid yang disebut protalus (protalium)</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Protalus ada yang tidak memiliki klorofil, untuk mendapatkan nutrisi bersimbiosis dengan jamur</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Gametofit menghasilkan gamet : gamet jantan (anteridium) menghasilkan sperma berflagel, dan gamet betina</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (anteridium) menghasilkan ovum</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Memiliki dua jenis gametofit :</span></div>
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<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gametofit biseksual : jika dalam satu gametofit terdapat dua jenis gamet, merupakan paku homospora</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gametof ualam satu gametofit uniseksual : jika dalam satu gametofit hanya terdapat satu jenis gamet saja, merupakan paku heterospora</span></li>
</ol>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Berdasarkan jenis spora yang dihasilkan, tumbuhan paku terbagi menjadi 3 :</span></div>
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<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Paku homospora (isospora) : paku yang hanya mengasilkan satu jenis spora yang sama besar</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Paku heterospora : paku yang menghasilkan dua jenis spora yang berbeda ukurannya (makrospora/spora betina) dan mikrospora/spora jantan</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Paku peralihan : paku yang menghasilkan spora dengan bentuk dan ukuran yang sama dan sudah diketahui gamet jantan dan gamet betina . contoh paku ekor kuda</span></li>
</ol>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>3. Cara Hidup : </b>fotoautotrof, artinya mengolah makanan sendiri dengan cara fotosintesis</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>4. Habitat : </b>Terestrial (di darat), dan di air (contoh : semanggi)</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>5. Reproduksi :</b> terjadi secara aseksual dan seksual</span><br />
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<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Aseksual : diawali dari spora (n) yang tumbuh menjadi protalus /protalium (generasi gametofit) yang menghasilkan gamet jantan (sperma) dan gamet betina Ovum), selanjutnya terjadi fertilisasi </span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Seksual : terjadi fertilisasi antara sperma dan ovum yang menghasilkan zigot (2n), yang tumbuh menjadi embrio , selanjutnya berkembang menjadi tumbuhan paku (sporofit), kemudian menghasilkan spora (n).</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mengalami metagenesis (pergiliran antara generasi sporofit dan gametofit).</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Perhatikan skema metagenesis tumbuhan paku di bawah ini : spora- protalium- zigot-tumbuhan paku- sporangium</span></li>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>6. Klasifikasi : </b>Tumbuhan paku terbagi menjadi 4 kelas, yaitu :</span><br />
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<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Paku purba <i>(Psilopsida)</i></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Paku kawat <i>(Lycopsida)</i></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Paku ekor kda (<i>Spenopsida)</i></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Paku sejati (<i>Pteriopsida)</i></span></li>
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<li style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Paku purba <i>(Psilopsida)</i></span></li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheVIXOdIT0qY_lRznUcyGXkIIBAgEF-7fZ2ifeVU1szPpEeCgax7GACpURk5tIu9RRILhFQrGkRLl4Yl0nXNrELnKG9fCx-7oRynopW_-fZQz5qgsV9BixDmqB9dGpnwiUQ4OSwCu5IQ0G/s1600/images+(14).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheVIXOdIT0qY_lRznUcyGXkIIBAgEF-7fZ2ifeVU1szPpEeCgax7GACpURk5tIu9RRILhFQrGkRLl4Yl0nXNrELnKG9fCx-7oRynopW_-fZQz5qgsV9BixDmqB9dGpnwiUQ4OSwCu5IQ0G/s1600/images+(14).jpg" /></span></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>- </i>Spesiesnya hampir punah, tersisa 10 - 13 spesies</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- menghasilkan satu jenis spora (homospora)</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- gametofitnya tidak memiliki klorofil, nutrisi diperoleh dari simbiosis dengan jamur</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- contoh : Rynia dan psilotum</span></div>
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<li style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Paku kawat <i>(Lycopsida)</i></span></li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvYwDddNc7dIm8sXq7fTtCWJzxDVCzWd9jCNaGJOkEdGh_Uw0Yk9-M0DZComUyCC0RsKskERCH_g3d0W39MPXfFFJuo9kGTegpWxeq0_L7qk70VRA-9-mnwsMTLczbsFbVeM5H_Ccg7ght/s1600/lycopodium+paku+kawat.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvYwDddNc7dIm8sXq7fTtCWJzxDVCzWd9jCNaGJOkEdGh_Uw0Yk9-M0DZComUyCC0RsKskERCH_g3d0W39MPXfFFJuo9kGTegpWxeq0_L7qk70VRA-9-mnwsMTLczbsFbVeM5H_Ccg7ght/s1600/lycopodium+paku+kawat.jpg" width="167" /></span></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- jumlah lebih kurang 1000 spesies</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- menghasilkan dua jenis spora (heterospora)</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Sporangium terdapat pada strobilus yang berbentuk kerucut </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Gametofit tidak berklorofil</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Gametofit ada yang uniseksual dan biseksual</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- contoh : Selaginela dan Lycopodium</span></div>
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<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Paku ekor kuda (<i>Spenopsida)</i></span></li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifE57MkGYojUeG0jtBFXEFiho7uQeeEvyVXMBgGAXNXykr8gHZTuTnhSP3mjpc9jJVl4R9cCT6iMfYnotv6ybs6XeL-cuJFwgV2jbNjuobMIPhrkUuyB_hn15zz-rEhOM4I7EJOAV63uGZ/s1600/240px-Equisetopsida.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifE57MkGYojUeG0jtBFXEFiho7uQeeEvyVXMBgGAXNXykr8gHZTuTnhSP3mjpc9jJVl4R9cCT6iMfYnotv6ybs6XeL-cuJFwgV2jbNjuobMIPhrkUuyB_hn15zz-rEhOM4I7EJOAV63uGZ/s1600/240px-Equisetopsida.jpg" width="133" /></span></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- jumlah lebih kurang 15 spesies</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- habitat di tempat lembab daerah subtropis</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">-disebut ekor kuda karena bentuk batang seperti ekor kuda</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- sporangium berupa strobilus</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- merupakan paku homospora</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- gametofit memiliki klorofi</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Gametofit biseksual</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- contoh : Equisetum</span><br />
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<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Paku sejati ( Pteriopsida)</span></li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqwQ5rmV0zqa4lvhaIcxqRJaMycULqTKaIPGeee1iQza_WFEvfY-JwIxX4PGtrHvRNks9T9oL1Ed8Dr_11jSXSyulHEcnqbJEtu_GxssO_Hi94Idhwne_qfWIGP1SZwoAyGR2TzMJoXkbj/s1600/images+(8).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="149" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqwQ5rmV0zqa4lvhaIcxqRJaMycULqTKaIPGeee1iQza_WFEvfY-JwIxX4PGtrHvRNks9T9oL1Ed8Dr_11jSXSyulHEcnqbJEtu_GxssO_Hi94Idhwne_qfWIGP1SZwoAyGR2TzMJoXkbj/s1600/images+(8).jpg" width="200" /></span></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Jumlah paling banyak, kurang lebih 12.000 spesies</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Memiliki akar, batang dan daun sejati</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Daun muda tumbuh menggulung (circinnatus)</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Contoh : semanggi (<i>Marsilea crenata</i>) , suplir (<i>Adiantum cuneatum</i>)</span></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">7. Manfaat Tumbuhan Paku</span></b></div>
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<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Untuk tanaman hias</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Untuk sayur-sayuran</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sebagai pupuk hijau tanaman padi</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Selaginella plana</i> sebagai obat luka</span></li>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Divisi Spermatophyta (Tumbuhan Berbiji)</span></b></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 24px;">Yunani, sperma=biji , phyton=tumbuhan</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">1.</span><span style="color: red;"> </span>Tumbuhan berbiji</b> adalah kelompok tumbuhan yang hidup di darat, memiliki akar, batang dan daun sejati, tracheophyta, autotrof, serta menghasilkan biji.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 24px;"></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b> 2. </b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><b>Tumbuhan berbiji berukuran</b> makroskopik dengan ketinggian yang sangat bervariasi. </span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> Tumbuhan biji tertinggi berupa pohon dengan tinggi melebihi 100 m. misalnya pohon konifer </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> S<i>equoiadendron giganteum</i> di taman Nasional Yosemite California, dengan tinggi sektar 115 m dan </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> diameter </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">14 m.</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><b>3. </b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><b>Habitus atau perawakan </b>tumbuhan berbiji sangat bervariasi, yaitu :</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 24px;"> - Pohon, misalnya : jati, duku, kelapa, beringin, cemara. </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 24px;"> - Perdu, misalnya : mawar, kembang merak, kembang sepatu.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 24px;"> - semak , misalnya : arbei.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 24px;"> - Herba, misalnya : sayur-sayuran, bunga lili, serta bunga krokot.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 24px;"><b>4. Cara hudup</b> : fotoautotrof, artinya mengolah makanan sendiri dengan bantuan cahaya matahari</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 24px;"><b>5. Habitat :</b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">Tumbuhan berbiji kebanyakan hidup di darat. Namun, tumbuhan berbiji ada yang hidup mengapung di air,misalnya teratai. </span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 24px;"><b>6. Reproduksi</b> : Terjadi secara aseksual/ vegetatif dan seksual/generatif</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG4iJOwuzQ9sHTpH3pI8nizHqDJVmufc8aUj0st0BjPuM-KcH66mfiIj_QxapXXyRw5o5_lLpGmdV3i5cOtj6pS7pUkBnJWNUqJ4nF2UUobaNyQMCY0DqbF0FT0uScPdoPKy3KpqcqXGGN/s1600/image59.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG4iJOwuzQ9sHTpH3pI8nizHqDJVmufc8aUj0st0BjPuM-KcH66mfiIj_QxapXXyRw5o5_lLpGmdV3i5cOtj6pS7pUkBnJWNUqJ4nF2UUobaNyQMCY0DqbF0FT0uScPdoPKy3KpqcqXGGN/s1600/image59.png" width="200" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMz5U9LGH63wZnSLPoV8fsewgpdy9A3-KISFKM_pWDoMi-2MCrVQPfwNvfaAIhhWAnFTPokKAwQok6RUqF_2zcSgg_Q6hQUGg4c2SqupJIirJTtww1fiKo286C9k5_7uzy45F_ecDROxd8/s1600/image53.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMz5U9LGH63wZnSLPoV8fsewgpdy9A3-KISFKM_pWDoMi-2MCrVQPfwNvfaAIhhWAnFTPokKAwQok6RUqF_2zcSgg_Q6hQUGg4c2SqupJIirJTtww1fiKo286C9k5_7uzy45F_ecDROxd8/s1600/image53.png" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG4iJOwuzQ9sHTpH3pI8nizHqDJVmufc8aUj0st0BjPuM-KcH66mfiIj_QxapXXyRw5o5_lLpGmdV3i5cOtj6pS7pUkBnJWNUqJ4nF2UUobaNyQMCY0DqbF0FT0uScPdoPKy3KpqcqXGGN/s1600/image59.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisU89dERk4N1IYqHo1aIZZeORo5lKidNJQKnBixeYvhgPeNenYCQaFOcMuQg1BJPeIUhDIdij4Be0AMhlmQoxbzeXaVDDmeqnrpOE8WExnKTqcjEL17koR40yrDRb-IbgH4iGQc_Mosruu/s1600/image57.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="149" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisU89dERk4N1IYqHo1aIZZeORo5lKidNJQKnBixeYvhgPeNenYCQaFOcMuQg1BJPeIUhDIdij4Be0AMhlmQoxbzeXaVDDmeqnrpOE8WExnKTqcjEL17koR40yrDRb-IbgH4iGQc_Mosruu/s1600/image57.png" width="200" /></span></a>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">Vegetatif : yaitu terjadinya individu baru tanpa didahului peleburan dua sel gamet. Dibedakan menjadi 2 macam yaitu</span><span style="line-height: 24px;"> <b>vegetatif alami</b> ( rhizoma/akar tingal, stolon/geragih, umbi batang,umbi lapis, umbi akar,tunas, tunas dan adventif), dan <b>vegetatif buatan</b> ( mencangkok, stek, okulasi, mengenten, merunduk).</span></span></li>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 24px;">2. Generatif/ Seksual adalah:</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Terjadinya individu baru yang didahului dengan peleburan dua sel gamet,yang disebut pembuahan <b>(fertilisasi).</b> Pembuahan akan terjadi kalau didahului adanya proses<b> penyerbukan (Persarian/polenasi).</b></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Penyerbukan</b> adalah sampainya serbuk sari pada tempat tujuan. Pada tumbuhan Gymnospermae, tujuan serbuk sari adalah <em>tetes penyerbukan</em>, sedangkan pada tumbuhan Angiospermae, tujuan serbuk sari adalah <em>kepala putik</em>.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyIn3rI2CHATEX9exOrAfKy7dyQ5o7iXrtv0NYMWOYUQ5RBmheGqcoWvHbEcsQnlhDbaC4KDfTHFxGH2C-oXANjGdpQSi_tpJHbTXkMAG0L8uUy9qv6IWxsYW9Dc0wTMwc7xL9Ln-7TerC/s1600/image58.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPcMAn1YHXvQw6chBSAw3KI4n-7-HVFNVlw6neFhAfY0Td8IY1y34NOJkBcjx7XiynC5KE3k6tBxiuN_fJt6yKv4Swl1oYxMU79eSnGFMh0dN4Y786FJb1zbcRl5N6ZZL803fow9ZLcP29/s1600/k50ls4.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPcMAn1YHXvQw6chBSAw3KI4n-7-HVFNVlw6neFhAfY0Td8IY1y34NOJkBcjx7XiynC5KE3k6tBxiuN_fJt6yKv4Swl1oYxMU79eSnGFMh0dN4Y786FJb1zbcRl5N6ZZL803fow9ZLcP29/s1600/k50ls4.png" width="320" /></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyIn3rI2CHATEX9exOrAfKy7dyQ5o7iXrtv0NYMWOYUQ5RBmheGqcoWvHbEcsQnlhDbaC4KDfTHFxGH2C-oXANjGdpQSi_tpJHbTXkMAG0L8uUy9qv6IWxsYW9Dc0wTMwc7xL9Ln-7TerC/s1600/image58.png" /></span></div>
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<h4 style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 24px;">Pembuahan</span></span></h4>
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 24px;">Penyerbukan akan menghasilkan individu baru apabila diikuti oleh pembuahan, yaitu peleburan antara sel kelamin jantan dengan sel kelamin betina. Pada tumbuhan berbiji dikenal ada dua macam pembuahan, yaitu pembuahan tunggal pada Gymnospermae, dan pembuahan ganda pada Angiospermae.</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 24px;"><strong>a. Pembuahan tunggal</strong></span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 24px;"><strong><br /></strong></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Contoh proses pembuahan tunggal pada Pinus (Gymnospermae)</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 24px;">Terjadi pada tumbuhan Gymnospermae atau tumbuhan berbiji terbuka.</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">Prosesnya adalah : </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> Serbuk sari akan sampai pada tetes penyerbukan,</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> kemudian dengan mengeringnya tetes penyerbukan, serbuk sari yang telah jatuh di dalamnya akan diserap masuk ke ruang serbuk sari melalui mikrofil.</span></span>Serbuk sari ini sesungguhnya terdiri atas dua sel, yaitu sel generatif atau yang kecil dan sel vegetatif yang besar, hampir menyelubungi sel generatif. Serbuk sari ini kemudian tumbuh membentuk buluh serbuk sari, yang kemudian bergerak ke ruang arkegonium. Karena pembentukan buluh serbuk sari maka sel-sel yang terdapat di antara ruang serbuk sari dan ruang arkegonium terdesak ke samping akan terlarut. Sementara itu di dalam buluh ini sel generatif membelah menjadi dua dan menghasilkan sel dinding atau sel dislokator, dan sel spermatogen atau calon spermatozoid. Sel spermatogen kemudian membelah menjadi dua sel permatozoid. Setelah sampai di ruang arkegonium, sel vegetatif lenyap, dan kedua sel spermatozoid lepas ke dalam ruang arkegonium yang berisi cairan, sehingga spermatozoid dapat berenang di dalamnya. Pada ruang arkegonium terdapat sejumlah sel telur yang besar. Tiap sel telur bersatu dengan satu spermatozoid, sehingga pembuahan pada Gymnospermae selalu mengasilkan zigot yang kemudian tumbuh dan berkembang menjadi embrio. Pembuahan tunggal seperti ini misalnya terjadi pada pohon Pinus.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 24px;"><strong>b. Pembuahan ganda</strong></span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Terjadi pada tumbuhan Angiospermae atau tumbuhan berbiji tertutup.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 24px;"><em>1. Perkembangan serbuk sari</em></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 24px;">Serbuk sari yang jatuh di kepala putik terdiri atas satu sel dengan dua dinding pembungkus, yaitu: eksin (selaput luar) dan intin (selaput dalam). Eksin pecah, kemudian intin tumbuh memanjang membuat buluh serbuk sari. Buluh serbuk sari ini akan tumbuh menuju ke ruang bakal biji. Bersamaan dengan ini inti sel serbuk sari membelah menjadi 2, yang besar didepan adalah <strong>inti vegetatif</strong> sebagai penunjuk jalan, dan yang kecil di belakang adalah inti generatif. Inti generatif membelah lagi menjadi dua inti generatif atau spermatozoid, yaitu <strong>inti generatif 1</strong> dan <strong>inti generatif 2.</strong></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 24px;"><em>2. Pembentukan sel telur</em></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 24px;">Bersamaan dengan perkembangan serbuk sari dalam buluh serbuk sari, di dalam ruang bakal biji <strong>sel induk megaspora (megasporosit/makrosporosit)</strong> membelah secara<a href="http://biologimediacentre.com/reproduksi-sel-bagian-1/" style="color: #307722; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title=" meiosis"> meiosis</a> menjadi 4 sel. Tiga di antaranya mati dan yang satu tumbuh menjadi<strong>sel megaspora/makrospora (inti kandung lembaga primer).</strong> Inti sel megaspora ini selanjutnya membelah mitosis 3x, sehingga terbentuklah 8 inti. Ke-8 inti tersebut kemudian masing-masing akan terbungkus membran sehingga menjadi sel yang terpisah. Karena itu sel-sel di dalam bakal biji sering disebut <strong>multigamet</strong>.</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 24px;">Langkah berikutnya, 8 sel tersebut membentuk formasi di dalam bakal biji. Tiga sel menempatkan diri di bagian atas bakal biji disebut <strong>antipoda</strong>. Yang di bagian bawah dekat mikrofil, 3 sel menempatkan diri berdekatan. Yang tengah adalah <strong>ovum</strong>, sedang mengapitnya sebelah kanan dan kiri adalah <strong>sinergid</strong>. Dua sel yang tersisa bergerak ke tengah bakal biji dan bersatu melebur membentuk <strong>inti kandung lembaga sekunder</strong> sehingga menjadi sel yang diploid (2n).</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 24px;">Jika terjadi pembuahan, <b> inti generatif 1 membuahi ovum membentuk zigot, sedang inti generatif 2 membuahi inti kandung lembaga sekunder menghasilkan endosperm (3n) sebagai cadangan makanan untuk zigot</b>. Inilah yang dinamakan <b>pembuahan ganda</b>. Sementara itu inti vegetatif akan mati setelah sampai di bakal biji.</span></span></div>
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<li><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 24px;"><b>inti generatif 1 (n) + ovum (n) —–> zigot (2n)</b></span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 24px;"><b>inti generatif 2 (n) + inti kandung lembaga sekunder (2n) —–> endosperm (3n)</b></span></span></li>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">7. Klasifikasi</span></b></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Divisi tumbuhan berbiji dibedakan menjadi dua subdivisi , yaitu :</span></div>
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<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 24px;">Tumbuhan berbiji terbuka <i>(gymnospernae)</i></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 24px;">Tumbuhan berbiji tertutup<i> (Angiospermae)</i></span></li>
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<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 24px;"><b>Tumbuhan berbiji terbuka <i>(gymnospernae)</i> </b> adalah tumbuhan yang bijinya tidak ditutup oleh bakal buah.</span></li>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;">Ciri-ciri tumbuhan biji terbuka adalah:</span><br />
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<li class="isiteks" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pada umumnya perdu atau pohon, tidak ada yang berupa herba Batang dan akar berkambium sehingga dapat tumbuh membesar</span></li>
<li class="isiteks" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bentuk perakaran tunggang</span></li>
<li class="isiteks" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Daun sempit, tebal dan kaku</span></li>
<li class="isiteks" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tulang daun tidak beraneka ragam</span></li>
<li class="isiteks" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tidak memiliki bunga sejati</span></li>
<li class="isiteks" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Alat perkembangbiakannya berbentuk kerucut yang disebut strobilus atau runjung.</span></li>
<li class="isiteks" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bakal biji tersusun dalam strobilus</span></li>
<li class="isiteks" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Alat kelamin terpisah, serbuk sari terdapat dalam strobilus jantan dan sel telur terdapat dalam strobilus betina.</span></li>
<li class="isiteks" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">bakal biji tidak dilindungi daun buah/berbiji terbuka</span></li>
<li class="isiteks" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Terbagi menjadi 4 kelas, yaitu :</span></li>
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</span></span>a. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><strong>Cycadinae</strong></span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;">Ciri khas adalah batang tidak bercabang, daunnya majemuk, tersusun sebagai tajuk di puncak pohon. Merupakan tumbuhan berumah dua, artinya memiliki strobilus jantan saja atau strobilus betina saja. Contoh:<em> Zamia furfuracea, Cycas revoluta dan Cycas rumphii</em> (pakis haji)</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;"><strong>b. Ginkgoinae</strong></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;">Tumbuhan ini merupakan tumbuhan asli dari daratan Cina. Tinggi pohon dapat mencapai 30 meter, daun berbentuk kipas dan mudah gugur. Serbuk sari dan bakal biji dihasilkan oleh individu yang berlainan. Anggota kelompok ini hanya ada satu species yaitu <em>Ginkgo biloba</em>.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;"><strong>c. Coniferinae</strong></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;">Coniferales berarti tumbuhan pembawa kerucut, karena alat perkembangbiakan jantan dan betina berupa strobilus berbentuk kerucut. Tumbuhan yang termasuk kelompok ini memiliki ciri selalu hijau sepanjang tahun (<em>evergreen</em>). Contoh: <em>Agathis alba</em> (damar), <em>Pinus merkusii</em> (pinus), <em>Cupressus sp.</em>,<em>Araucaria sp.</em>, <em>Sequoia sp.</em>,<em> Juniperus sp.</em> dan <em>Taxus sp.</em></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">d. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><strong>Gnetinae</strong></span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;">Anggota kelompok ini berupa perdu, liana (tumbuhan pemanjat) dan pohon. Daun berbentuk oval/lonjong dan duduk daun berhadapan dengan bentuk urat daun menyirip. Pada xilem terdapat trakea dan floem tidak memiliki sel pengiring. Strobilus tidak berbentuk kerucut, tetapi sudah dapat disebut “bunga”. Contoh yang terkenal dari kelompok ini adalah <em>Gnetum gnemon</em> (melinjo).</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4HUOCeZlG-8Lt6QMK5D7B9yIMviRSwCCH7BmS8G-UhyphenhyphenSb87juATHFTXTGp_VnRf7dD7282pRUJczo6hqku4SX6lIx6PVNnOOr_hSYfup1byNsbR-zp-b0Ex5LjMlGsyfaEgEko2OTMbC1/s1600/hal08+(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4HUOCeZlG-8Lt6QMK5D7B9yIMviRSwCCH7BmS8G-UhyphenhyphenSb87juATHFTXTGp_VnRf7dD7282pRUJczo6hqku4SX6lIx6PVNnOOr_hSYfup1byNsbR-zp-b0Ex5LjMlGsyfaEgEko2OTMbC1/s1600/hal08+(1).jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<ul>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Tumbuhan berbiji tertutup </b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><i><b>(Angiospermae)</b></i></span></span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px;">Tumbuhan biji tertutup adalah tumbuhan yang bijinya terdapat di dalam bakal buah. Ciri-ciri tumbuhan ini adalah:</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px;"></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px;">
</span>
</span><br />
<ol><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;">
<li class="isiteks" style="line-height: 18px;">Hidup sebagai pohon, perdu, semak, merambat atau herba/terna</li>
<li class="isiteks" style="line-height: 18px;">Daun pipih dan lebar dengan susunan tulang daun menyirip, menjari, melengkung atau sejajar</li>
<li class="isiteks" style="line-height: 18px;">Memiliki bunga sejati dengan perhiasan bunga berupa kelopak dan mahkota bunga dan alat perkembangbiakannya berupa putik dan benang sari</li>
</span></ol>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span">
</span>
</span><br />
<div class="isiteks" style="line-height: 18px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tumbuhan biji dibagi menjadi dua kelas berdasarkan jumlah keping bijinya, yaitu:</span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span">
</span>
</span><br />
<ol style="line-height: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<li class="isiteks" style="line-height: 18px;">Tumbuhan berkeping biji satu (<em>Monocotyledonae</em>)</li>
<li class="isiteks" style="line-height: 18px;">Tumbuhan berkeping biji dua (<em>Dicotyledonae</em>)</li>
</span></ol>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div>
<ul><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;">Tumbuhan Monokotil</span></li>
</span></ul>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">Ciri-ciri adalah :</span></span></div>
</div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div>
<ol><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;">Memiliki satu daun lembaga (kotiledon)</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;">Batang tidak bercabang atau bercabang sedikit, ruas-ruas batang jelas</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;">Daun biasanya berpelepah dan berupa daun tunggal</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;">Memiliki tulang daun sejajar ataumelengkung</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;">Tidak berkambium, jaringan xilem dan floem pada akar dan batang tersusun tersebar</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;">Memiliki sistem akar serabut</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;">Bunga memiliki bagian-bagian dengan jumlah berkelipatan 3, bentuk tidak beraturan, warna tidak mencolok</span></li>
</span></ol>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; line-height: 18px;">Contoh tumbuhan monokotil adalah sebagai berikut :</span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span>
</span><br />
<div>
<ol><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; line-height: 18px;">Suku rumput-rumputan (<em>Graminae</em>), misalnya: padi, jagung, bambu, rumput, tebu, gandum</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; line-height: 18px;">Suku pinang-pinangan (<em>Palmae</em>), misalnya: kelapa, rotan, kelapa sawit, aren, salak</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; line-height: 18px;">Suku jahe-jahean (<em>Zingiberaceae</em>), misalnya: kunyit, jahe, lengkuas</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;">Suku nanas-nanasan (<em>Bromeliaceae</em>), misalnya: nanas</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;">s</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; line-height: 18px;"> Suku anggrek-anggrekan (<em>Orcidaceae</em>), misalnya: anggrek bulan, anggrek macan, anggrek yang tumbuh di hutan irian jaya</span></li>
</span></ol>
<div>
<ul><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;">Tumbuhan Dikotil</span></li>
</span></ul>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; line-height: 18px;">Ciri-cirinya adalah :</span></span></div>
</div>
<div>
<ol><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; line-height: 18px;">Memiliki dua daun lembaga ( dikotiledon)</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; line-height: 18px;">Batang umumnya bercabang</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; line-height: 18px;">Tulang daun menjari atau menyirip</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; line-height: 18px;">Memiliki kambium sehingga akar dan batang bertambah besar, jaringan ikat pembuluh xilem dan floem pada akar dan batang tersususn dalam lingkaran</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; line-height: 18px;">Memiliki sistem akar tunggang</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; line-height: 18px;">Bunga memiliki bagian - bagian dengan kelipatan 4 atau 5, bentuk beraturan dengan bunga yang mencolok</span></li>
</span></ol>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;">Contoh tumbuhan dikotil adalah sebagai berikut :</span></span></div>
</div>
<div>
<ol><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;">Suku getah-getahan (<em>Euhorbiaceae</em>), misalnya: singkong, jarak, karet, puring</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;">Suku polong-polongan (<em>Leguminosae</em>), misalnya: putri malu, petai, flamboyan, kembang merak, kacang kedelai, kacang tanah</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;">Suku terung-terungan (<em>Solanaceae</em>), misalnya: kentang, terong, tomat, cabai, kecubung</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;">Suku jeruk-jerukan (<em>Rutaceae</em>), misalnya: jeruk manis, jeruk bali</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;">Suku kapas-kapasan (<em>Malvaceae</em>), misalnya: kembang sepatu, kapas</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;">Suku jambu-jambuan (<em>Mirtaceae</em>), misalnya: cengkih, jambu biji, jambu air, jambu monyet, jamblang</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;">Suku komposit (<em>Compositae</em>), misalnya: bunga matahari, bunga dahlia, bunga krisan </span></li>
</span></ol>
</div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; line-height: 16px;"></span></span>Perbedaan Tumbuhan dikotil dan monokotil seperti pada gambar dan tabel di bawah ini :</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">SOAL KINGDOM PLANTAE</span><br />
<div align="center" class="isiteks" style="line-height: 18px;">
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Berikut
ini beberapa jenis tumbuhan berbiji :</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Jambu
monyet <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.
Mahoni
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.
Melinjo
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4. kembang
sepatu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5. Damar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6. Tanjung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Yang tergolong gymnospermae adalah …<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a.
1, 2 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b.
1, 3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c.
2, 4
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d.
3, 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e.
5, 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Berikut
ini yang bukan ciri-ciri tanaman dikotil adalah …<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a. berakar serabut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. berkambium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. tulang daun menjari atau menyirip<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. berkas pengangkut teratur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e. jumlah mahkota bunga 4, 5 atau
kelipatannya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">3. Yang
dimaksud dengan penyerbukan pada tumbuhan biji adalah …</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a. jatuhnya serbuk sari pada kepala putik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. bertemunya serbuk sari dengan sel telur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. bertemunya serbuk sari dengan bakal biji<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. bertemunya benang sari dengan putik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e. bertemunya sel sperma dari serbuk sari
dengan sel telur pada putik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4. Gametofit
tumbuhan lumut adalah …<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a. tumbuhan lumut <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. antheridium <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. sporangium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. sporogonium <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e. arkegonium <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5. Homotalus
pada lumut adalah …<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a. satu tumbuhan lumut terdapat
anteridium saja<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. satu tumbuhan lumut arkegonium saja<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. anteridium menghasilkan spora jantan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. arkegenium menghasilkan spora betina<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e. satu tumbuhan lumut terdapat
anteridium dan arkegonium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">6. Paku
dibedakan menjadi homospor, heterospor dan peralihan berdasarkan …</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a. sporangium <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. bentuk dan fungsi daun <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. cara reproduksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. ukuran dan jenis spora <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e. protalium <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7. Yang
termasuk tumbuhan berkormus (Cormophyta) adalah …<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a. tumbuhan paku <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. tumbuhan berbiji terbuka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. tumbuhan berbiji <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. tumbuhan berbiji tertutup<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e. tumbuhan paku dan tumbuhan berbiji<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">8. Spora
yang dihasilkan tumbuhan paku jika jatuh di tempat yang cocok akan tumbuh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> menjadi ….<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a. protonema <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. sporofit <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. gametofit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. protalium <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e. makrofil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">9. Berikut
ini pergiliran keturunan pada tumbuhan paku-pakuan:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 1. Spora <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 2. Antridium dan arkegonium <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 3. Tumbuhan paku<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 4. Protalium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 5. Sporangium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 6. Zigot<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Urutan pergiliran keturunan yang benar
adalah …<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a. 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. 1 – 4 – 2 – 6 – 3 – 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. 1 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 2 – 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. 1 – 3 – 5 – 2 – 4 – 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e. 1 – 4 – 3 – 5 – 6 – 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">10.Perbedaan
pergiliran keturunan pada tumbuhan lumut dan paku adalah …<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a. yang dimaksud tumbuhan lumut adalah
gametofitnya, sedangkan pada
paku adalah sporofitnya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. yang dimaksud tumbuhan lumut adalah sporofitnya,
sedangkan pada paku adalah gametofitnya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. gametofit pada lumut turunan 2n kromosom,
sedangkan gametofit pada paku turunan n kromosom<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. pergiliran keturunan lumut adalah
metagenesis, sedangkan pada paku bukan metagenesis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e. pergiliran keturunan paku metagenesis,
sedangkan pada lumut bukan metagenesis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">11.Protalium
merupakan bagian dari daur hidup paku yang juga disebut …<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a. sporangium <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. sporofit <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. antheridium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. gematofit <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e. archegonium</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">12.Daun paku
yang telah berfungsi sebagai penghasil spora disebut …<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a. tropofil <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. mesofil <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. macrofil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. sporofil <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e. mikrofil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">13.Tumbuhan
paku dapat berkembang biak secara generatif dan vegetatif secara bergiliran.
Pergiliran daur hidup yang demikian disebut …<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a. metamorfosis <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. metagametotif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. metameri
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. metasporofit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e. metagenesis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 14.Organ penghasil sel telur pada tanaman paku
adalah …<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a. anteridium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. ovarium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. archegonium <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. gametongium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e. protalium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 1</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">5. Berikut
contoh tumbuhan beserta tingkatan taksonnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Kingdom
: …………………(1)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Divisi
: spermatophyta<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Subdivisi : …………………(2)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Kelas
: Dicotyledonae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Ordo
: Malvales<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Famili
: Malvaceae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Genus
: Hibiscus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> ....…….(3): Hibiscus rosasinensis (kembang
sepatu)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Nomor (1), (2), dan (3) adalah
berturut-turut …<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a. angiospermae, species, plantae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. species, plantae, angiospermae <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. plantae, angiospermae, species <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. plantae, gymnospermae, species<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e. species, angiospermae, plantae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">16.
Perhatikan ciri-ciri tumbuan berikut! <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 1) mengalami pembuahan ganda <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 2) bakal biji terbungkus daun buah <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 3) memiliki keping bjij <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 4) tidak memiliki bunga <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 5) berakar serabut <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ciri-ciri
tumbuhan berbiji tertutup (Angiospermae) meliputi nomor...<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a. 1), 2) dan 3)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. 1), 3) dan 4)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. 2), 3) dan 4)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. 2), 4) dan 5)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e. 3), 4) dan 5)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">17.Perhatikan
ciri-ciri tumbuhan berikut! <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 1) hidup di tempat lembap <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 2) mempunyai akar, batang dan daun <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 3) belum memiliki pembuluh pengangkut <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 4) berkembang biak menggunakan spora <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 5) alat perkembangbiakan berupa strobilus <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ciri-ciri
tumbuhan yang tergolong Pteridophyta ditunjukkan oleh nomor...<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a. 1), 2) dan 4)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. 1), 3) dan 4)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. 1), 4) dan 5)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. 2), 3) dan 4)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e. 3), 4) dan 5)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">18.Tono
menemukan berbagai jenis tanaman di kebunnya dan mengelompokkannya sebagai
berikut: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengelompokan
yang dilakukan Tono tersebut berdasarkan pada...<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a. cara
perkembangbiakan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b. bentuk
daun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">c. jumlah
keping biji<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">d. ada
tidaknya pembuluh pengangkut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">e. cara
penyerbukan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">19. Berikut
ini ciri-ciri tumbuhan berbiji:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 1). biji berkeping satu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 2). berakar tunggang <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 3). tulang daun sejajar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 4). biji berkeping dua <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 5). tidak berkambium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 6). tulang daun menjari<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Ciri-ciri tumbuhan yang tergolong Dikotil
meliputi nomor...<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a 1), 3) dan 5)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. 1), 4) dan 5)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. 1), 5) dan 6)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. 2), 3) dan 5)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e. 2), 4) dan 6)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">20.Spora
tumbuhan paku yang jatuh di lingkungan lembap akan tumbuh menjadi...<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a. sporangium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. sporangiospora<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. tumbuhan paku<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. protalium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e. protonema<o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Berikut
ini beberapa jenis tumbuhan berbiji :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Jambu
monyet <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.
Mahoni
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.
Melinjo
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4. kembang
sepatu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5. Damar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6. Tanjung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Yang tergolong gymnospermae adalah …<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a.
1, 2 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b.
1, 3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c.
2, 4
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d.
3, 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e.
5, 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Berikut
ini yang bukan ciri-ciri tanaman dikotil adalah …<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a. berakar serabut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. berkambium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. tulang daun menjari atau menyirip<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. berkas pengangkut teratur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e. jumlah mahkota bunga 4, 5 atau
kelipatannya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3. Yang
dimaksud dengan penyerbukan pada tumbuhan biji adalah …<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a. jatuhnya serbuk sari pada kepala putik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. bertemunya serbuk sari dengan sel telur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. bertemunya serbuk sari dengan bakal biji<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. bertemunya benang sari dengan putik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e. bertemunya sel sperma dari serbuk sari
dengan sel telur pada putik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4. Gametofit
tumbuhan lumut adalah …<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a. tumbuhan lumut <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. antheridium <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. sporangium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. sporogonium <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e. arkegonium <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5. Homotalus
pada lumut adalah …<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a. satu tumbuhan lumut terdapat
anteridium saja<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. satu tumbuhan lumut arkegonium saja<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. anteridium menghasilkan spora jantan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. arkegenium menghasilkan spora betina<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e. satu tumbuhan lumut terdapat
anteridium dan arkegonium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6. Paku
dibedakan menjadi homospor, heterospor dan peralihan berdasarkan …<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a. sporangium <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. bentuk dan fungsi daun <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. cara reproduksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. ukuran dan jenis spora <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e. protalium <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7. Yang
termasuk tumbuhan berkormus (Cormophyta) adalah …<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a. tumbuhan paku <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. tumbuhan berbiji terbuka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. tumbuhan berbiji <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. tumbuhan berbiji tertutup<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e. tumbuhan paku dan tumbuhan berbiji<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">8. Spora
yang dihasilkan tumbuhan paku jika jatuh di tempat yang cocok akan tumbuh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> menjadi ….<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a. protonema <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. sporofit <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. gametofit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. protalium <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e. makrofil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">9. Berikut
ini pergiliran keturunan pada tumbuhan paku-pakuan:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 1. Spora <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 2. Antridium dan arkegonium <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 3. Tumbuhan paku<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 4. Protalium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 5. Sporangium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 6. Zigot<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Urutan pergiliran keturunan yang benar
adalah …<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a. 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. 1 – 4 – 2 – 6 – 3 – 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. 1 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 2 – 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. 1 – 3 – 5 – 2 – 4 – 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e. 1 – 4 – 3 – 5 – 6 – 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">10.Perbedaan
pergiliran keturunan pada tumbuhan lumut dan paku adalah …<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a. yang dimaksud tumbuhan lumut adalah
gametofitnya, sedangkan pada
paku adalah sporofitnya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. yang dimaksud tumbuhan lumut adalah sporofitnya,
sedangkan pada paku adalah gametofitnya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. gametofit pada lumut turunan 2n kromosom,
sedangkan gametofit pada paku turunan n kromosom<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. pergiliran keturunan lumut adalah
metagenesis, sedangkan pada paku bukan metagenesis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e. pergiliran keturunan paku metagenesis,
sedangkan pada lumut bukan metagenesis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">11.Protalium
merupakan bagian dari daur hidup paku yang juga disebut …<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a. sporangium <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. sporofit <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. antheridium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. gematofit <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e. archegonium</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">12.Daun paku
yang telah berfungsi sebagai penghasil spora disebut …<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a. tropofil <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. mesofil <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. macrofil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. sporofil <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e. mikrofil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">13.Tumbuhan
paku dapat berkembang biak secara generatif dan vegetatif secara bergiliran.
Pergiliran daur hidup yang demikian disebut …<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a. metamorfosis <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. metagametotif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. metameri
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. metasporofit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e. metagenesis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 14.Organ penghasil sel telur pada tanaman paku
adalah …<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a. anteridium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. ovarium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. archegonium <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. gametongium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e. protalium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">15. Berikut
contoh tumbuhan beserta tingkatan taksonnya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Kingdom
: …………………(1)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Divisi
: spermatophyta<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Subdivisi : …………………(2)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Kelas
: Dicotyledonae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Ordo
: Malvales<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Famili
: Malvaceae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Genus
: Hibiscus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> ....…….(3): Hibiscus rosasinensis (kembang
sepatu)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Nomor (1), (2), dan (3) adalah
berturut-turut …<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a. angiospermae, species, plantae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. species, plantae, angiospermae <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. plantae, angiospermae, species <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. plantae, gymnospermae, species<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e. species, angiospermae, plantae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">16.
Perhatikan ciri-ciri tumbuan berikut! <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 1) mengalami pembuahan ganda <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 2) bakal biji terbungkus daun buah <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 3) memiliki keping bjij <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 4) tidak memiliki bunga <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 5) berakar serabut <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ciri-ciri
tumbuhan berbiji tertutup (Angiospermae) meliputi nomor...<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a. 1), 2) dan 3)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. 1), 3) dan 4)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. 2), 3) dan 4)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. 2), 4) dan 5)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e. 3), 4) dan 5)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">17.Perhatikan
ciri-ciri tumbuhan berikut! <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 1) hidup di tempat lembap <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 2) mempunyai akar, batang dan daun <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 3) belum memiliki pembuluh pengangkut <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 4) berkembang biak menggunakan spora <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 5) alat perkembangbiakan berupa strobilus <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ciri-ciri
tumbuhan yang tergolong Pteridophyta ditunjukkan oleh nomor...<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a. 1), 2) dan 4)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. 1), 3) dan 4)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. 1), 4) dan 5)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. 2), 3) dan 4)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e. 3), 4) dan 5)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">18.Tono
menemukan berbagai jenis tanaman di kebunnya dan mengelompokkannya sebagai
berikut: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengelompokan
yang dilakukan Tono tersebut berdasarkan pada...<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a. cara
perkembangbiakan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b. bentuk
daun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">c. jumlah
keping biji<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">d. ada
tidaknya pembuluh pengangkut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">e. cara
penyerbukan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">19. Berikut
ini ciri-ciri tumbuhan berbiji:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 1). biji berkeping satu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 2). berakar tunggang <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 3). tulang daun sejajar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 4). biji berkeping dua <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 5). tidak berkambium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 6). tulang daun menjari<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Ciri-ciri tumbuhan yang tergolong Dikotil
meliputi nomor...<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a 1), 3) dan 5)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. 1), 4) dan 5)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. 1), 5) dan 6)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. 2), 3) dan 5)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e. 2), 4) dan 6)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">20.Spora
tumbuhan paku yang jatuh di lingkungan lembap akan tumbuh menjadi...<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a. sporangium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. sporangiospora<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. tumbuhan paku<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. protalium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> e. protonema </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <a href="http://www.google.co.id/imgres?imgurl=http://alamendah.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/semanggi-marsilea_azorica.jpg&imgrefurl=http://alamendah.wordpress.com/2">http://alamendah.files.wordpress.com</a></span><br />
<a href="http://www.fobi.web.id/v/unid/fern/Cyathea_Merapi_ZA.jpg.html"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">http://www.fobi.web.id/v/unid/fern/Cyathea_Merapi_ZA.jpg.html</span></a><br />
<a href="http://noviantiyusmar.blogspot.com/"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">http://noviantiyusmar.blogspot.com</span></a><br />
<a href="http://khoirulan41.blogspot.com/"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">http://khoirulan41.blogspot.com</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.123rf.com/photo_13169421_giant-horsetail-strobilus--living-fossil-plant-equisetum.html"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">http://www.123rf.com/photo_13169421_giant-horsetail-strobilus--living-fossil-plant-equisetum.html</span></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Diah aryulina dkk ,<a href="http://www.belbuk.com/biologi-sma-dan-ma-untuk-kelas-x-jilid-1-p-8896.html">biologi-sma-dan-ma-untuk-kelas-x-jilid-1</a>, esis</span></div>
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<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan_berbiji"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan_berbiji</span></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">http://biologimediacentre.com/reproduksi-vegetatif-pada-tumbuhan/</span></div>
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<a href="http://universe-review.ca/I10-68-fern.jpg"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">http://universe-review.ca/I10-68-fern.jpg</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://soerya.surabaya.go.id/AuP/e-DU.KONTEN/edukasi.net/SMP/Biologi/Tumbuhan.Biji/materi04a.html"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">http://soerya.surabaya.go.id/AuP/e-DU.KONTEN/edukasi.net/SMP/Biologi/Tumbuhan.Biji/materi04a.html</span></a></div>
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KEANEKARAGAMAN HAYATI ( BIODIVERSITAS)</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinMOjgM3p6jTOw8NRj6JwaesG7wRi4QjAOOmaup5Yjqfz-Ep3RZcKNCMnZXKyaUGh0tUNqvHdfbbYIBbhqqV14b3YjwxZjOPuEoh2nnknPSPTYKPBkBPYpIVwnk0l6Z_miFZ1PEC19tWFt/s1600/elang+ikan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSrD4PLwpUgTrNpcTesIrKceH11-1B0d3puDaFV-7zjuGU5iXV-AWgU8H9U82w7AKG6s1GleP5znU5QpkWZTpR4Bunujur9c7dm1K2cRA0cdlKlIx2TYHsBfxOsGYLR3UKmZvlyV-SI21Z/s1600/bekantan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="153" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSrD4PLwpUgTrNpcTesIrKceH11-1B0d3puDaFV-7zjuGU5iXV-AWgU8H9U82w7AKG6s1GleP5znU5QpkWZTpR4Bunujur9c7dm1K2cRA0cdlKlIx2TYHsBfxOsGYLR3UKmZvlyV-SI21Z/s1600/bekantan.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx5yUVCSXyApsnMJOEGsbzPh48IiQ_Jj-nMO9QXcbn1HZ6k0tTvg-h4mwvDNwFZyF7IEpWXCmQTpth8AFHviuvKERM2jPltqst3y-NADW9o1PIOk2D8E9ZFsTOcKcEpwQM1tShrEPPVWeh/s1600/flora.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="149" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx5yUVCSXyApsnMJOEGsbzPh48IiQ_Jj-nMO9QXcbn1HZ6k0tTvg-h4mwvDNwFZyF7IEpWXCmQTpth8AFHviuvKERM2jPltqst3y-NADW9o1PIOk2D8E9ZFsTOcKcEpwQM1tShrEPPVWeh/s1600/flora.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSrD4PLwpUgTrNpcTesIrKceH11-1B0d3puDaFV-7zjuGU5iXV-AWgU8H9U82w7AKG6s1GleP5znU5QpkWZTpR4Bunujur9c7dm1K2cRA0cdlKlIx2TYHsBfxOsGYLR3UKmZvlyV-SI21Z/s1600/bekantan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><br />
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<b>A. Pengertian Biodeversitas :</b></div>
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<li>Keanekaragaman hayati adalah keseluruhan variasi berupa bentuk,penampilan, jumlah dan sifat yang dapat ditemukan pada makhluk hidup.</li>
<li> Atau keanekaragaman makhluk hidup menunjukan keseluruhan variasi gen, spesies dan ekosistem di suatu daerah.</li>
<li>Menurut UU No 5 tahun 1994, Keanekaragaman hayati adalah keanekaragaman diantara makhluk hidup dari semua sumber termasuk di antaranya daratan,lautan dan ekosistem aquatik lainnya, serta komplek ekologi yang merupakan bagian dari keaneka`ragamannya, mencakup keanekaragaman dalam spesies, antara spesies dengan ekosistem. </li>
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<b>B. Tingkat Keanekaragaman Hayati</b></div>
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Keanekaraman hayati terbagi menjadi 3 tingkatan, yaitu keanekaragaman gen, spesies dan ekosistem.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL4EiM9Rq4O7Wk7B8jz5izldkMPWDkKkqOA38rVH5YPjxgdtOvgJC1rD9jQ-GK7542GYzz_Pm3TLzmRujfLMxhUapYZFmwpjGUNc8HTUN27Qi-ya1rFpZjxanlpvCR-d6tsVPbxEhRo_V2/s1600/images+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL4EiM9Rq4O7Wk7B8jz5izldkMPWDkKkqOA38rVH5YPjxgdtOvgJC1rD9jQ-GK7542GYzz_Pm3TLzmRujfLMxhUapYZFmwpjGUNc8HTUN27Qi-ya1rFpZjxanlpvCR-d6tsVPbxEhRo_V2/s1600/images+%25281%2529.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIFtY3PtQS8ZBj_VGjhpaLt0jRPtPwhFDKTJgX_0vHK3na1TApJUJ_YlJ0vHusWqMidDkcFTfxJM47p3lzCn4cdrknrN-MKbgBQzhm2p2on5SKjlZ8fvb0QLryj5xafEPQa2mdQx5AyUqe/s1600/220px-Thick-billed_Green_Pigeon+punai.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5DoYsUiF871HXrZIkTS-SFr2XOEFVBGPHU_9ibW6b1OcJYc8Zok17SunNRmOcZI6g88zJXGbJokmzxvHjKyqMOoc7eycu03j_kM-GoM0DQ0wQ2vza3Wq9qrAncaZh_VmQURdg-yAkn3o3/s1600/800px-Treron_bicinctus_-Yala_National_Park,_Sri_Lanka_-male-8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a>
<li>Keanekaragaman gen adalah variasi susunan gen (pembawa sifat keturunan) dalam satu spesies, yang akan menimbulkan varietas. Contoh berbagai varietas kucing (kucing anggora, kucing balinase, kucing siam, kucing persia) , berbagai varietas buaya ( buaya nuara, buaya sapit), dan berbagai varietas jeruk (jeruk nipis, jeruk ponti, jeruk bali, jeruk lemon dll)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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2. Keanekaragaman spesies/jenis, adalah Perbedaan-perbedaan pada berbagai spesies makhluk hidup di suatu tempat. Contohnya di Taman Nasional Tanjung Puting terdapat berbagai macam spesies seperti orang utan, bekantan,buaya, burung, babi, rusa, kancil, burung, kantung semar, tumbuhan paku, meranti ,dll.<br />
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3. Keanekaragaman Ekosistem, adalah : berbagai macam bentuk interaksi antara lingkungan abiotik dengan lingkungan biotiknya. Contoh ekosistem adalah ekosistem perairan ( laut, terumbu karang, sungai), dan ekosistem darat ( bioma hutan hujan tropis, bioma gurun, bioma sabana , bioma padang rumput ( stepa),bioma tundra dan bioma taiga). Masing-masing ekosistem memiliki jenis flora dan fauna yang berbeda dengan faktor lingkungan abiotik yang berbeda juga. Contoh pada bioma hutan hujan tropis seperti di Taman Nasional Tanjung Puting (TNTP), terdapat berbagai macam tumbuhan (ulin, ramin, gaharu, kantong semar, tumbuhan paku, dll) dan berbagai jenis hewan seperti pada gambar di atas).<br />
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<b>C. Manfaat Keanekaragaman Hayati</b><br />
Keanekaragaman hayati sangat bermanfaat sebagai sumber pangan, sandang dan papan, sumber obat dan kosmetik, serta mengandung nilai budaya.<br />
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<li>Sebagai sumber pangan : beras, padi,jagung,sagu,umbi (sebagai makanan pokok dan sumber karbohidrat), berbagai jenis hewan (ayam, sapi, rusa, ikan , udang dll sebagai sumber protein), kunyit, daun pandan (untuk pewarna alami), bayam, katuk, sawi, lombok, tomat, dll sebagai sayuran dan sumber vitamin.</li>
<li>Sebagai sandang dan papan : kapas, rami, kulit kayu, serta ulat sutra digunakan sebagai bahan baku membuat berbagai perlengkapan, dan berbagai jenis kayu dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan bangunan.</li>
<li>Sebagai sumber obat dan kosmetik : berbagai jenis bunga seperti mawar, melati, kenanga, cendana untuk pewangi pakaian, sedangkan untuk obat- obatan misalnya daun sirsak (sangat baik untuk oabat kanker , tumor dan kolesterol), kunyit putih, daun sirih (sebagai antibiotik alami ), dll.</li>
<li>Sebagai nilai budaya : berbagai jenis tumbuhan dan hewan yang sering dimanfaatkan dalam acara keagaman adalah sapi, kambing (untuk hewan kurban ), babi, kelapa, melati, cemara, cendana dll.</li>
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<b>D. Keanekaragaman Hayati di Indonesia</b></div>
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Indonesia memiliki keanekaragaman hayati yang sangat tinggi. Sebagai negara kepulauan, pulau-pulaunya memiliki <b>spesies endemik</b>, artinya terdapat spesies lokal, unik dan hanya ditemukan di daerah atau pulau tertentu. misal<br />
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<li> Anoa dataran rendah (<i>Bubalus depsessicornis</i>) endemik sulawesi</li>
<li>Burung kakatua putih (C<i>acatua alba</i>) endemik maluku utara</li>
<li>Macan dahan (<i>Neofelis diardi</i>) endemik Sumatra dan Kalimantan</li>
<li>Owa-owa (<i>Hyllobates muellery</i>) endemik kalimantan</li>
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5. Urang utan Kalimantan (<i>Pongo pygmaeus</i>)<br />
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Penyebaran flora dan fauna di Indonesia tergantung pada posisi geografis Indonesia yang terletak di antara dua benua Asia dan Australia dan tepat di khatulistiwa. Jadi Indonesia sebagai salah satu negara yang memiliki kekayaan keanekaragaman hayati terbesar di dunia.<br />
Penyebaran flora di Indonesia dapat dilihat pada berbagai bioma yang tersebar diberbagai daerah seperti :<br />
<ol>
<li>Daerah hutan hujan tropis yang terdapat di Sumatera, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Papua dan Jawa Barat bagian selatan.</li>
<li>Daerah hutan musim yang terdapat di Pulau jawa , misalnya pohon jati dan cemara</li>
<li>Daerah sabana, terdapat di madura, dataran tinggi gayo (aceh).</li>
<li>Padang rumput (stepa), terdapat di pulau sunba, sumbawa, flores dan timor.</li>
</ol>
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Penyebaran fauna , dapat di lihat pada batas antara garis Wallace dan Weber.<br />
Garis Wallace adalah : garis yang memisahkan jenis fauna Indonesia bagian Barat dengan bagian tengah. garis ini dibuat oleh Alfred Russel Wallace, ahli zoologi Inggris.<br />
Garis Webwe adalah : garis yang memisahkan jenis fauna Indonesia bagian bagian tengah dan bagian Timur.<br />
Weber adalah ahli zoologi jerman. Pulau Sulawesi merupakan pulau peralihan.<br />
Berdasarkan garis pemisah fauna Wallace dan Weber, Indonesia terbagi menjadi 3 wilayah fauna, yaitu<br />
<ol>
<li>Fauna tipe Asiatis ( Indonesia bagian barat : Sumatera, Kalimantan, Jawa dan Bali bagian barat).</li>
<li>Fauna tipe peralihan Australia-Asiatik (Sulawesi dan kepulauan Nusa tenggara bagian tengah).</li>
<li>Fauna tipe Australialis ( Papua dan Kepulauan Aru bagian timur. </li>
</ol>
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perhatikan peta wilayah fauna Indonesia,menurut Wallace dan Weber :</div>
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<b>E. Punahnya Keanekaragaman Hayati</b></div>
<div>
Sampai sekarang ini, keanekaragaman hayati semakin terancam keberadaanya, bahkan banyak spesies flora dan fauna yang jumlahnya terus mengalami penurunan, hingga berada pada tingkat yang mencemaskan, yaitu kepunahan. Adapun penyebab kepunahan keanekaragaman hayati adalah :<br />
<ol>
<li>Fragmentasi dan hilangnya habitat, adalah mengambil sebagian habitat dari makhluk hidup untuk dialih fungsikan, sehingga dapat erusak habitat aslinya. contoh pembuatan bendungan di sungai, justru merusak sbagian besar habitat sungai.</li>
<li>Introduksi spesies, adalah suatu upaya mendatangkan spesies asing ke suatu wilayah yang telah memiliki spesies lokal. contoh penggunaan padi unggul menyebabkan punahnya padi tradisional.</li>
<li>Eksploitasi berlebihan, yaitu mengambil sumber daya alam secara besar-besaran, habis-habisan bahkan sampai titik kepunahan.</li>
<li>Pencemaran tanah, air dan udara</li>
<li>Perubahan iklim global, yang menyebabkan naiknya suhu di bumi</li>
<li>Industrialisasi Kehutanan dan Pertanian, merupakan program pemuliaan tanaman modern</li>
</ol>
<div>
<b>F. Upaya Pelestarian/ Konservasi Keanekaragaman Hayati</b></div>
</div>
<div>
Konservasi sumber daya hayati di Indonesia diatur dalam UU No.23 tahun 1997, tentang pengelolaan lingkungan hidup, dengan azaz pengelolaan yang bertanggung jawab, berkelanjutan dan bermanfaat.<br />
Pelestarian keanekaragaman hayati di Indonesia di lakukan secara<b> in situ</b> maupun<b> ex situ.</b><br />
<b>Pelestraian In situ </b>adalah upaya pelestaraian langsung di alam. Misalnya di Taman Nasional Tanjung Puting (TNTP) di Kalimantan, Taman Nasional Komodo di Nusa Tenggara Timur, Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon dll. <br />
<b>Pelestarian ex situ adalah </b>upaya pelestraian dengan cara penangkaran yang dilakukan bukan di tempat hidup (habitat) asli suatu makhluk hidup. Misalnya untuk penangkaran hewan langka seperti badak, jalak bali, dengan lokasi penangakaran di kebun binatang , taman safari atau kebun raya.<br />
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SISTEM KLASIFIKASI MAKHLUK HIDUP<br />
<ul>
<li>Makhluk hidup sangat beraneka ragam, seluruh spesies baik hewan, tumbuhan, manusia dan mikroorganisme terdiri dari berjuta-juta individu. Antara satu spesies dengan spesies lain terdapat perbedaan antara lain ukuran, umur, bentuk tubuh, pola warna, jenis kelamin dll. </li>
<li>karena keanekaragaman yang begitu besar, para ilmuan biologi mengembangkan suatu sistem yang memudahkan kita untuk mempelajari.Sistem tersebut dikenal dengan sistem klasifikasi. </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Sistem klasifikasi mahluk hidup dikelompokkan secara sistematis dan bertahap. </li>
<li>Cabang ilmu biologi yang mengkaji pengelompokkan mahluk hidup disebut Taksonomi. </li>
<li>Sistem klasifikasi mahluk hidup pertama kali dipelopori oleh Carolus Linnaeus pada abad ke 18. </li>
<li>Pengelompokannya berdasarkan persamaan ciri dan pemberian nama dengan sistem tata nama ganda</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Macam-macam klasifikasi </li>
</ul>
Berdasarkan kriteria yang digunakan, sistem klasifikasi makhluk hidup dibedakan menjadi tiga, yaitu sistem buatan, sistem alami, dan sistem filogenik.<br />
a. Sistem buatan ( Artifisial )<br />
<ul>
<li>Sistem klasifikasi buatan mengutamakan tujuan praktis dalam ikhtisar dunia makhluk hidup. Klasifikasi buatan diperkenalkan oleh Carollus Linnaeus (1707-1778). Dasar klasifikasi adalah ciri morfologi, alat reproduksi, habitat dan penampakan makhluk hidup (bentuk dan ukurannya). </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Misalnya, pada klasifikasi tumbuhan ada pohon, semak, perdu, dan gulma. Berdasarkan tempat hidup, dapat dikelompokkan hewan yang hidup di air dan hewan yang hidup di darat. Berdasarkan kegunaannya, misalnya makhluk hidup yang digunakan sebagai bahan pangan, sandang, papan dan obat-obatan.</li>
</ul>
b. Sistem alami ( Natural)<br />
<ul>
<li>Klasifikasi makhluk hidup yang menggunakan system alami menghendaki terbentuknya takson yang alami. Klasifikasi ini dikemukakan oleh Aristoteles pada tahun 350 SM. </li>
<li>Klasifikasi ini didasarkan pada sistem alami, artinya suatu pengelompokan yang didasarkan pada ciri morfologi/ bentuk tubuh alami, sehingga terbentuk takson-takson yang alami.</li>
<li>Misalnya hewan berkaki empat, hewan bersirip, hewan tidak berkaki, dan sebagainya. Pada tumbuhan misalnya tumbuhan berdaun menyirip, tumbuhan berdaun seperti pita, dan sebagainya. </li>
</ul>
c.Sistem modern (filogenetik)
.<br />
<ul>
<li>Sistem klasifikasi ini didasarkan pada jauh dekatnya hubungan kekerabatan antara takson yang satu dan yang lainnya sekaligus mencerminkan perkembangan makhluk hidup (filogenik), diperkenalkan oleh Charles Darwin (1859).</li>
<li>Makin dekat hubungan kekerabatan maka makin banyak persamaan morfologi dan anatomi antar takson. Semakin sedikit persamaan maka makin besar perbedaannya, berarti makin jauh hubungan kekerabatannya. </li>
<li> Misalnya, gorila lebih dekat kekerabatannya dengan orangutan dibandingkan dengan manusia. Hal itu didasarkan pada tes biokimia setelah ilmu pengetahuan berkembang pesat, terutama ilmu pengetahuan tentang kromosom, DNA, dan susunan protein organisme.</li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">Beberapa parameter yang digunakan dalam klasifikasi ini adalah sebagai berikut:</span><br />
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">Persamaan struktur tubuh dapat diketahui secara eksternal dan internal</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">Menggunakan biokimia perbandingan. Misalnya, hewan <i><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Limulus polyphemus</span></i>, dahulu dimasukkan ke dalam golongan rajungan (Crab) karena bentuknya seperti rajungan, tetapi setelah dianalisis darahnya secara biokimia, terbukti bahwa hewan ini lebih dekat dengan laba-laba (Spider). Berdasarkan bukti ini, Limulus dimasukkan ke dalam golongan laba-laba.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">Berdasarkan <a href="http://biologimediacentre.com/genetika-hukum-mendel/" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="genetika">genetika</a> modern. Gen dipergunakan juga untuk melakukan klasifikasi makhluk hidup. Adanya persamaan gen menunjukkan adanya kekerabatan.</li>
</ul>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Langkah-langkah klasifikasi</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Langkah-langkah klasifikasi tersebut adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">1. mengidentifikasi objek berdasar ciri-ciri struktur tubuh makhluk hidup, misalnya, hewan atau tumbuhan yang sama jenis atau spesiesnya<br clear="all" />2. setelah kelompok spesies terbentuk, dapat dibentuk kelompok-kelompok lain dari urutan tingkatan klasifikasi sebagai berikut.</span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Dua atau lebih spesies dengan ciri-ciri tertentu dikelompokkan untuk membentuk takson<b>genus</b>.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Beberapa genus yang memiliki ciri-ciri tertentu dikelompokkan untuk membentuk takson<b>famili</b>.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Beberapa famili dengan ciri tertentu dikelompokkan untuk membentuk takson <b>ordo</b>.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Beberapa ordo dengan ciri tertentu dikelompokkan untuk membentuk takson <b>kelas</b>.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Beberapa kelas dengan ciri tertentu dikelompokkan untuk membentuk takson <b>filum</b> (untuk hewan) atau <b>divisio</b> (untuk tumbuhan).</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="color: blue; font-size: 12pt;">Dengan cara tersebut terbentuklah urutan hierarki atau tingkatan klasifikasi makhluk hidup. Urutan klasifikasi dari tingkatan yang terbesar hingga terkecil adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">1. kingdom (kerajaan)</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br clear="all" /><b>2. divisio untuk tumbuhan dan filum untuk hewan</b><br clear="all" /><b>3. kelas (classis)</b><br clear="all" /><b>4. ordo (bangsa)</b><br clear="all" /><b>5. famili (suku)</b><br clear="all" /><b>6. genus (marga)</b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>7. spesies (jenis)</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Contoh klasifikasi Harimau</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Mengingat keperluannya, kadang-kadang di antara dua tingkatan terdapat sub-sub, seperti subkingdom, subfilum, subordo, dan subspesies. Demikian pula di bawah kelompok spesies masih ditempatkan kelompok <b>varietas</b> dan di bawah varietas terdapat <b>strain</b>. Semakin ke atas urutan tingkatan klasifikasi, hubungan kekerabatan makhluk hidup semakin jauh, sedangkan semakin ke bawah <i>hubungan kekerabatannya semakin dekat</i></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Sedangkan Pemberian nama ilmiah menurut kode internasional menggunakan tata nama ganda yang disebut Binomial nomenklatur. Suku kata pertama menunjukan nama genus dan kata kedua menunjukan nama spesies. Contoh <i>Homo sapiens</i> (manusia)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><i><br /></i></span></div>
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Beberapa Alternatif sistem klasifikasi</div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. <a href="http://www.sibarasok.com/2013/07/sistem-klasifikasi-makhluk-hidup.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Sistem Klasifikasi Dua Kingdom</span></a></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Penemu sistem ini adalah ilmuwan yang bernama Aristoteles (Yunani). Pengelompokan makhluk hidup tersebut adalah sebagai berikut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">a. <i>Kingdom tumbuhan</i> (Plantarum), memiliki ciri-ciri berdinding sel, berklorofil, dan berfotosintesis. Bakteri dan jamur meskipun tidak berklorofil tetap dimasukkan dalam kerajaan tumbuhan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">b. <i>Kingdom hewan</i> (Animalia), memiliki ciri-ciri tidak berdinding sel, tidak berklorofil dan dapat bergerak bebas, yang termasuk pada kingdom ini seperti <i>Protozoa, Mollusca, Porifera, Coelenterata, Arthropoda, Echinodermata</i> dan <i>Chordata.</i></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #333333;">2. </span><a href="http://www.sibarasok.com/2013/07/sistem-klasifikasi-makhluk-hidup.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Sistem Klasifikasi Tiga Kingdom</span></a></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Penemu sistem kingdom ini adalah Ernest Haekel (Jerman) tahun 1866, pengelompokan makhluk hidup tersebut adalah sebagai berikut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">a. Kingdom Protista (Organisme bersel satu dan organisme multiseluler sederhana)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">b.<i> Kingdom Plantae</i>, yang temasuk dalam kingdom ini adalah alga, jamur, lumut, paku, dan tumbuhan berbiji.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">c. <i>Kingdom Animalia</i>, yang termasuk dalam kingdom ini adalah dari golongan <i>Protozoa</i> sampai golongan <i>Chordata.</i></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #333333;">3.</span> <a href="http://www.sibarasok.com/2013/07/sistem-klasifikasi-makhluk-hidup.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Sistem Klasifikasi Empat Kingdom</span></a></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Penemu sistem 4 Herbert Coopeland. Pengelompokan makhluk hidup tersebut berdasarkan struktur sel yang dibedakan antara sel eukariotik, yaitu sel yang memiliki selaput inti, dan sel prokariotik, yaitu sel yang tidak memiliki selaput inti. Keempat kingdom itu antara lain:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">a. <i>Kingdom Monera</i>, ciri-cirinya adalah memiliki inti tanpa membran (prokarion), contohnya bakteri dan ganggang biru.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">b.<i> Kingdom Pritista</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">c. <i>Kingdom Plantae</i>, meliputi semua ganggang kecuali ganggang biru, lumut, paku, dan tumbuhan berbiji.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">d. <i>Kingdom Animalia</i>, meliputi semua hewan, mulai dari <i>Protozoa</i> sampai <i>Chordata.</i></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #333333;">4. </span><a href="http://www.sibarasok.com/2013/07/sistem-klasifikasi-makhluk-hidup.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Sistem Klasifikasi Lima Kingdom</span></a></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">R.H. Whittaker pada tahun 1969 mengelompokkan organisme menjadi lima dunia</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">berdasarkan tingkat organisme, kondisi inti sel, dan nutrisinya.</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Adapun sistem klasifikasi lima kingdom ini adalah sebagai berikut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">a. <i>Kingdom Monera</i>, meliputi semua makhluk hidup atau organisme yang prokariotik, bersel satu, dan mikroskopis. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Contohnya, semua bakteri dan ganggang hijau biru (Cyanobakteri), misalnya <i>Escherichia coli, Anabaena sp</i>., dan <i>Nostoc sp</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">b. <i>Kingdom Protista</i>, sebagian besar terdiri atas organisme yang bersel satu, eukariotik, umumnya sudah memiliki ciri-ciri seperti tumbuhan dan hewan. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Contohnya: <i>Euglena, Paramecium</i>, dan <i>Amoeba.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">c. Kingdom Fungi, memiliki ciri-ciri eukariotik, tidak berklorofil sehingga tidak berfotosintesis. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Contohnya: Mucor, Saccharomyces, Pleurotus (jamur tiram), Agaricus, dan lain-lain.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">d. <i>Kingdom Plantae</i>, terdiri atas semua organisme eukariotik, bersel</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">banyak, berdinding sel yang mengandung selulosa, berklorofil, berfotosintesis,</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">autotrof. Kerajaan tumbuhan dibagi menjadi tumbuhan berspora (lumut, paku) dan berbiji. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Contohnya: padi, mawar, lumut hati, dan paku ekor kuda.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">e. <i>Kingdom Animalia</i>: memiliki ciri-ciri eukariotik, bersel banyak, tidak berklorofil sehingga tidak berfotosintesis, tidak berdinding sel, heterotrof. Contohnya: burung, gajah, ular, ayam, dan sebagainya.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #333333;">5. </span><a href="http://www.sibarasok.com/2013/07/sistem-klasifikasi-makhluk-hidup.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Sistem Klasifikasi Enam Kingdom</span><span style="color: blue;">.</span></a></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Sistem ini menganut bahwa virus dimasukkan dalam kingdom tersendiri, oleh karena itu tingkatan klasifikasi ada enam kingdom, Archaea , Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, dan Animalia</span></div>
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<b style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">DETERMINASI ATAU IDENTIFIKASI</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Selain mengadakan klasifikasi, tugas utama taksonomi lainnya</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">yang penting ialah pengenalan atau identifikasi. Melakukan identifikasi tumbuhan berarti mengungkapkan atau menetapkan identifikasi( Jati diri) suatu tumbuhan, yang dalam hal ini tidak lain adalah menentukan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">namanya yang benar dan tempatnya yang tepat dalam sistem</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">klasifikasi. Untuk istilah identifikasi sering juga digunakan istilah</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">determinasi yang diambil dari bahasa Belanda, yaitu determinatie yang artinya penentuan.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #333333;">. </span><a href="http://www.sibarasok.com/2013/07/sistem-klasifikasi-makhluk-hidup.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Sistem Klasifikasi Dua Kingdom</span></a></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Penemu sistem ini adalah ilmuwan yang bernama Aristoteles (Yunani). Pengelompokan makhluk hidup tersebut adalah sebagai berikut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">a. <i>Kingdom tumbuhan</i> (Plantarum), memiliki ciri-ciri berdinding sel, berklorofil, dan berfotosintesis. Bakteri dan jamur meskipun tidak berklorofil tetap dimasukkan dalam kerajaan tumbuhan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">b. <i>Kingdom hewan</i> (Animalia), memiliki ciri-ciri tidak berdinding sel, tidak berklorofil dan dapat bergerak bebas, yang termasuk pada kingdom ini seperti <i>Protozoa, Mollusca, Porifera, Coelenterata, Arthropoda, Echinodermata</i> dan <i>Chordata.</i></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #333333;">2. </span><a href="http://www.sibarasok.com/2013/07/sistem-klasifikasi-makhluk-hidup.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Sistem Klasifikasi Tiga Kingdom</span></a></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Penemu sistem kingdom ini adalah Ernest Haekel (Jerman) tahun 1866, pengelompokan makhluk hidup tersebut adalah sebagai berikut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">a. Kingdom Protista (Organisme bersel satu dan organisme multiseluler sederhana)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">b.<i> Kingdom Plantae</i>, yang temasuk dalam kingdom ini adalah alga, jamur, lumut, paku, dan tumbuhan berbiji.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">c. <i>Kingdom Animalia</i>, yang termasuk dalam kingdom ini adalah dari golongan <i>Protozoa</i> sampai golongan <i>Chordata.</i></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #333333;">3. </span><a href="http://www.sibarasok.com/2013/07/sistem-klasifikasi-makhluk-hidup.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Sistem Klasifikasi Empat Kingdom</span></a></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Penemu sistem 4 Herbert Coopeland. Pengelompokan makhluk hidup tersebut berdasarkan struktur sel yang dibedakan antara sel eukariotik, yaitu sel yang memiliki selaput inti, dan sel prokariotik, yaitu sel yang tidak memiliki selaput inti. Keempat kingdom itu antara lain:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">a. <i>Kingdom Monera</i>, ciri-cirinya adalah memiliki inti tanpa membran (prokarion), contohnya bakteri dan ganggang biru.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">b.<i> Kingdom Pritista</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">c. <i>Kingdom Plantae</i>, meliputi semua ganggang kecuali ganggang biru, lumut, paku, dan tumbuhan berbiji.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">d. <i>Kingdom Animalia</i>, meliputi semua hewan, mulai dari <i>Protozoa</i> sampai <i>Chordata.</i></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #333333;">4. </span><a href="http://www.sibarasok.com/2013/07/sistem-klasifikasi-makhluk-hidup.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Sistem Klasifikasi Lima Kingdom</span></a></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">R.H. Whittaker pada tahun 1969 mengelompokkan organisme menjadi lima dunia</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">berdasarkan tingkat organisme, kondisi inti sel, dan nutrisinya.</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Adapun sistem klasifikasi lima kingdom ini adalah sebagai berikut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">a. <i>Kingdom Monera</i>, meliputi semua makhluk hidup atau organisme yang prokariotik, bersel satu, dan mikroskopis. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Contohnya, semua bakteri dan ganggang hijau biru (Cyanobakteri), misalnya <i>Escherichia coli, Anabaena sp</i>., dan <i>Nostoc sp</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">b. <i>Kingdom Protista</i>, sebagian besar terdiri atas organisme yang bersel satu, eukariotik, umumnya sudah memiliki ciri-ciri seperti tumbuhan dan hewan. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Contohnya: <i>Euglena, Paramecium</i>, dan <i>Amoeba.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">c. Kingdom Fungi, memiliki ciri-ciri eukariotik, tidak berklorofil sehingga tidak berfotosintesis. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Contohnya: Mucor, Saccharomyces, Pleurotus (jamur tiram), Agaricus, dan lain-lain.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">d. <i>Kingdom Plantae</i>, terdiri atas semua organisme eukariotik, bersel</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">banyak, berdinding sel yang mengandung selulosa, berklorofil, berfotosintesis,</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">autotrof. Kerajaan tumbuhan dibagi menjadi tumbuhan berspora (lumut, paku) dan berbiji. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Contohnya: padi, mawar, lumut hati, dan paku ekor kuda.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">e. <i>Kingdom Animalia</i>: memiliki ciri-ciri eukariotik, bersel banyak, tidak berklorofil sehingga tidak berfotosintesis, tidak berdinding sel, heterotrof. Contohnya: burung, gajah, ular, ayam, dan sebagainya.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">5. <a href="http://www.sibarasok.com/2013/07/sistem-klasifikasi-makhluk-hidup.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Sistem Klasifikasi Enam Kingdom.</span></a></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Sistem ini menganut bahwa virus dimasukkan dalam kingdom tersendiri, oleh karena itu tingkatan klasifikasi ada enam kingdom, Archaea , Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, dan Animalia</span></div>
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<b style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">DETERMINASI ATAU IDENTIFIKASI</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Selain mengadakan klasifikasi, tugas utama taksonomi lainnya</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">yang penting ialah pengenalan atau identifikasi. Melakukan identifikasi tumbuhan berarti mengungkapkan atau menetapkan identifikasi( Jati diri) suatu tumbuhan, yang dalam hal ini tidak lain adalah menentukan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">namanya yang benar dan tempatnya yang tepat dalam sistem</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">klasifikasi. Untuk istilah identifikasi sering juga digunakan istilah</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">determinasi yang diambil dari bahasa Belanda, yaitu determinatie yang artinya penentuan.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Identifikasi dengan Kunci Determinasi sederhana</span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><span style="color: #333333;">Identifikasi merupakan kegiatan dasar dalam taksonomi. Identifikasi mencakup dua kegiatan, yaitu klasifikasi</span> dan <a href="http://www.artikelbiologi.com/2012/09/tata-nama-binomial.html" style="text-decoration: none;" title="tata nama binomial">t</a>ata nama. Ja<span style="color: #333333;">di, identifikasi adalah menentukan persamaan dan perbedaan antara dua makhluk hidup, kemudian menentukan apakah keduanya sama atau tidak, baru kemudian memberi nama.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"> Untuk mengidentifikasi makhluk hidup yang baru saja dikenal, kita memerlukan alat pembanding berupa gambar, realia atau specimen (awetan hewan dan tumbuhan), hewan atau tumbuhan yang sudah diketahui namanya, atau kunci identifikasi. Kunci identifikasi disebut juga kunci determinasi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"> Penggunaan kunci determinasi pertama kali diperkenalkan oleh <b>Carolus Linnaeus</b>. Namun, sebenarnya <b>Lammarck</b> (1778) juga pernah menggunakan kunci modern untuk identifikasi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"> Salah satu kunci identifikasi ada yang disusun dengan menggunakan ciri-ciri taksonomi yang saling berlawanan. Tiap langkah dalam kunci tersebut terdiri atas dua alternatif (dua ciri yang saling berlawanan) sehingga disebut kunci dikotomis. Cara menggunakan kunci determinasi antara lain sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">Bacalah dengan teliti kunci determinasi mulai dari permulaan, yaitu nomor 1a.</li>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">Cocokkan ciri-ciri tersebut pada kunci determinasi dengan ciri yang terdapat pada makhluk hidup yang diamati.</li>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">Jika ciri-ciri pada kunci tidak sesuai dengan ciri makhluk hidup yang diamati, harus beralih pada pernyataan yang ada di bawahnya dengan nomor yang sesuai. Misalnya, pernyataan 1a tidak sesuai, beralihlah ke pernyataan 1b.</li>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">Jika ciri-ciri yang terdapat pada kunci determinasi sesuai dengan ciri yang dimiliki organisme yang diamati, catatlah nomornya. Lanjutkan pembacaan kunci pada nomor yang sesuai dengan nomor yang tertulis di belakang setiap pernyataan pada kunci.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">Jika salah satu pernyataan ada yang cocok atau sesuai dengan makhluk hidup yang diamati, alternatif lainnya akan gugur. Sebagai contoh, kunci determinasi memuat pilihan:</li>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">tumbuhan berupa herba, atau</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">tumbuhan berkayu. Jika yang dipilih adalah 1a (tumbuhan berupa herba), pilihan 1b gugur.</li>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">Begitu seterusnya hingga diperoleh nama famili, ordo, kelas, dan divisio atau filum dari makhluk hidup yang diamati.</li>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Kata Kunci :</span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">cara menggunakan kunci determinasi untuk mengidentifikasi suatu tanaman,contoh kunci dikotom,determinasi biologi adalah,kunci derteminasi,Kunci determinasi sederhana,kunci determinasi tumbuhan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">sumber :</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">http://www.almansyahnis.com/2013/10/sistem-klasifikasi-makhluk-hidup.html</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">http://baltasaraha.blogspot.com/2013/06/materi-kelas-x-semester-i-klasifikasi.html</span></span></h2>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>FUNGI/JAMUR</b></span></div>
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<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Fungi /jamur : merupakan organisme eukaryotik ( memiliki membran inti), memiliki dinding sel, tidak memiliki klorofil, heterotrof , ada yang uniseluler dan ada yang multiseluler.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Jamur dikaji dalam cabang ilmu Mikologi (Yunani, myces = jamur).</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Perhatikan beberapa contoh jamur berikut ini :</span></li>
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<i>Tinea versicholor </i>( jamur panu)</div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Berikut akan dibahas tentang : ciri jamur yang meliputi <i> ciri tubuh (ukuran, bentuk, struktur dan fungsi), cara hidup, reproduksi, habitat, klasifikasi , peranan jamur.</i></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> <b> A. CIRI JAMUR</b></span></div>
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<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>Ukuran : </b>bervariasi, ada yang mikroskopik untuk jamur uniseluler, contoh khamir ( <i>Saccharomyces</i>) dan makroskopis untuk jamur multiseluler (lihat Gambar di atas).</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>Bentuk : </b>bervariasi, ada yang oval, benang membentuk lapisan seperti kapas, embun tepung (mildew) pada permukaan substrat tempat hidupnya, dan ada yang membentuk tubuh buah (mangkuk,`payung, kuping, setengah lingkaran dan bulat).</span></li>
<li><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Struktur dan fungsi tubuh :</span></b></li>
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<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Inti sel eukaryotik (memiliki membran inti)</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Dinding sel tersusun dari kitin</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Tidak memiliki klorofil</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Beberapa jenis jamur memiliki zat warna</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Jamur multiseluler memiliki sel memanjang berupa benang yang disebut hifa</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Hifa ada yang memiliki sekat (septa), dan ada juga hifa yang tidak memiliki septa yang disebut hifa senositik. Septa digunakan sebagai dasar klasifikasi jamur.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Hifa jamur bercabang-cabang dan berjalinan atau berkumpul membentuk benang-benang halus yang disebut miselium.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Miselium vegetatif berfungsi untuk menyerap makanan, dan pada jamur yang parasit miselium ini memiliki struktur yang disebut<b> houstorium</b>, yang dapat menembus sel inang.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Miselium generatif membentuk alat reproduksi yang menghasilkan spora. </span></li>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>4. Cara hidup</b> : jamur bersifat heterotrof yaitu memperoleh zat organik atau makanan dari hasil sintesis organisme lain, baik dari organisme mati maupun dari organisme hidup. Berdasarkan cara memperoleh makanan jamur bersifat saprofit, parasit dan mutual.</span><br />
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<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Saprofit artinya : memperoleh zat organik dari sisa organisme mati dan bahan tak hidup, berperan sebagai pengurai atau dekompuser.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Parasit : memperoleh zat organik dari organisme hidup lain, bersifat merugikan karena menimbulkan penyakit</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Mutual : hidup saling menguntungkan, contohnya kerjasama atau simbiosis mutualisme antara jamur dengan ganggang hijau biru yang membentuk <b>lumut kerak</b> (<i>lichen</i>), dan simbiosis antara jamur dengan akar tumbuhan tingkat tinggi membentuk <b>mikoriza.</b> simbiosis mutualisme adalah hubungan antar organisme yang saling menguntungkan. Jamur pada lumut kerak berfungsi sebagai pelindung dan penyerap air serta mineral, sedangkan ganggang yang hidup diantara miselium jamur berfungsi menyediakan makan melalui fotosintesis. Sedangkan mikoriza adalah simbiosis antara jamur dan akar tumbuhan tinghkat tinggi. Jamur memperoleh senyawa organik hasil fotosintesis dari tumbuhan, sedangkan tumbuhan mendapatkan air dan mineral yang diserap oleh jamur. Lihat gambar lichen dan mikoriza di bawah ini : </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span></li>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>5. Habitat : </b> di darat (terestrial), di tempat lembab, pada organisme atau sisa organisme diperairan, di lingkungan asam (pada buah yang asam), di lingkungan kadar gula yang tinggi (pada selai), bersimbiosis dengan makhluk hidup lain baik mutualisme(lumut kerak dan mikoriza) maupun parasitisme, dan dilingkungan ekstrim (gurun,gunung salju, dan kutub).</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>6. Reproduksi : </b>Terjadi secara aseksual dan seksual</span></div>
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<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Aseksual terjadi dengan tiga cara yaitu : pembentukan kuncup atau tunas pada jamur uniseluler, pemutusan benang hifa (fragmentasi miselium) dan pembentukan spora aseksual. Spora aseksual terdiri dari <b>sporangiospora</b> dan <b>konidiospora</b> yang bersifat <b>haploid (n)</b><b> . Sporangiospora :</b> dihasilkan dari pembelahan mitosis sel dalam kotak spora (sporangium) yang terdapat pada ujung sporangiofor (struktur yang mendukung sporangium). K<b>onidiospora :</b> dihasilkan dari pembelahan mitosis sel pada ujung konidiofor (pendukung konidia).Perhatikan gambar sporangiospora dan konidiospora di bawah ini :</span></li>
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<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Seksual : dengan pembentukan spora seksual, yang terjadi secara <b>Singgami</b>, yaitu penyatuan sel atau hifa yang berbeda jenis. Singgami terdiri dari 2 tahap, yaitu <b>plasmogami</b> (penyatuan plasma sel) dan <b>karyogami </b>(penyatuan inti sel). Plasmogami menghasilkan sel atau hifa berinti 2 (dikarion) yang haploid (n), kemudian hifa tersebut akan mengalami penyatuan inti membentuk keturunan berinti satu (monokarion) yang diploid (2n), kemudian membelah secara meiosis membentuk spora seksual yang haploid. Spora seksual dapat berupa <b>zogospora</b>,<b> askospora</b>, dan <b>basidiospora. </b>Lihat gambar spora seksual di bawah ini : </span></li>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>7. Klasifikasi Jamur :</b> Kingdom fungi dikelompokan berdasarkan cara reproduksi seksualnya, yang terbagi menjadi 4 kelas, yaitu : Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota dan Deuteromycota..</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 18px;"><b>1. Zygomycotina</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">dimasukan dalam kelompok ini, karena reproduksi
generatifnya menghasilkan zigot di dalam <b>zigospora</b>. Jamur Zygomycotina mempunyai
ciri-ciri yaitu dinding selnya tersusun atas zat kitin, multiseluler, hifa
tidak bersekat, mengandung inti haploid, memiliki keturunan diploid lebih
sigkat,reproduksi aseksual dengan membentuk<b> sporangiospora, </b>reproduksi seksual dengan konjugasi yang menghasilkan<b> zigospora.</b></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Perkembangan secara seksual terjadi karena ada 2 macam hifa,
yaitu hifa (+) dan hifa (-). Keduanya bisa terdapat pada satu talus atau talus
yang berbeda.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Anggota kelas Zygomycotina antara lain : <i>Rhizopus oryzae </i>(jamur tempe)<i>, Rhizopus
stolonifer </i>(tumbuh pada roti basi),<i> Rhizopus nigricans </i>(tumbuh pada tomat)<i>, Mucor mucedo dan Pilobolus </i>(menguraikan kotoran hewan)<i>, Mucor javanicans </i>(untuk membuat tape).<i> </i></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">lihat gambar jamur pada roti basi di bawah ini:</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>2. Ascomycotina</b></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Jamur kelompok ini di sebut Ascomycotina, karena dalam
reproduksi seksualnya menghasilkan <b>askospora.</b> Jamur ini yang termasuk kelas
Ascomycotania mempunyai ciri-ciri yaitu dinding selnya tersusun atas zat
kitin, uniseluler dan multiseluler, hifa bersekat, membentuk badan buah yang
disebut <b>askokrap</b>, memiliki inti haploid, memiliki keturunan dipoloid lebih
singkat, reproduksi aseksual dengan membentuk <b>konidiospora</b>, reproduksi seksual dengan konjugasi yang menghasilkan <b>askospora. </b>Lihat gambar reproduksi di bawah ini :</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyy_VGMFrZ2DQF-eJCRATy9-eCm_YYrhdlp-yUoTAJvbwSKHvRzPvsYel9CKY7God86UN0biSoXEdQ7zJSQmqsrMCAHXYfrf_5Vnp5_nX_eFMr6jUH9lmBxrohRoMKG69kLvmkfYEE5CwL/s1600/ascomycota.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyy_VGMFrZ2DQF-eJCRATy9-eCm_YYrhdlp-yUoTAJvbwSKHvRzPvsYel9CKY7God86UN0biSoXEdQ7zJSQmqsrMCAHXYfrf_5Vnp5_nX_eFMr6jUH9lmBxrohRoMKG69kLvmkfYEE5CwL/s1600/ascomycota.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> Spesies-spesies
anggota kelas Ascomycotina ialah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">a. <i>Sacchormyces cerviciae</i>, jamur unisel yang dapat membelah
diri, dapat memfermentasikan gula menjadi alkohol sehingga sering digunakan
untuk membuat tape maupun roti.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 20px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpGkj0nP1HioQjpIg-6-EBiZ6ym1qd_M006RL9rFzvKpHFqgiIf6EGRfzAx8tC0mBd5rej0SGebHhQWzpIGVt-M77eWZ0XOQpJwYwC-6ceDEo_jaHzfbHsv0uGzRTZy0uBw_y06s3HtFA4/s1600/sacharomycetes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpGkj0nP1HioQjpIg-6-EBiZ6ym1qd_M006RL9rFzvKpHFqgiIf6EGRfzAx8tC0mBd5rej0SGebHhQWzpIGVt-M77eWZ0XOQpJwYwC-6ceDEo_jaHzfbHsv0uGzRTZy0uBw_y06s3HtFA4/s1600/sacharomycetes.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small; line-height: 18px;"><b>b.<i>Saccharomyces ellipsoids (</i>membuat wine dari buah anggur)<i>, Saccharomyces tuac(</i>membuat tuak dari<i> </i>nira),<i> Penicillium
notatum </i>(menghasilkan antibiotik)<i>, Penecillium chrysogenum, Penecillium camemberti </i>(meningkatkan kwalitas keju)<i>, Penecillium
requeforti,Neurospora crassa </i>(pembuatan oncom), <i>Morchella</i> <i>esculanta</i> ( dapat dimakan) <i>Aspergillus wentii, Aspergellus flavus (</i>tumbuh pada kacang tanah olahan yang sudah tengik, menghasilkan racun aflatoxin penyabab kanker hati<i>), dan Aspergillus niger </i>(menghasilkan asam sitrat, bila sporanya terhisap berkembang biak di paru-paru dan menyebabkan </b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small; line-height: 18px;">kematian)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small; line-height: 18px;">.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWjCm7LhLbBgL454YVSv2Q0H4R1tAMubs97Aeo7bAU3I8xiRbQv6z3mEw13Dnr0hN6lP3vR2BFEP2_3bKxS1b3OXRtYh0EbfmTfq6NXKx7ioMWflaeG2BCdzSLDC7AOArgV1B_NZhLyojX/s1600/penicillium.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;"><img border="0" height="126" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWjCm7LhLbBgL454YVSv2Q0H4R1tAMubs97Aeo7bAU3I8xiRbQv6z3mEw13Dnr0hN6lP3vR2BFEP2_3bKxS1b3OXRtYh0EbfmTfq6NXKx7ioMWflaeG2BCdzSLDC7AOArgV1B_NZhLyojX/s1600/penicillium.jpg" width="200" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8kWwZspQyyt1QngKBQgpmhf2aan0O5AYNFHV5MCE5kmhzDB893JpdqaYX-_vtjs7f-hBORbkDyXesHGur7UgNuS8qIraURjVeaec87Dc03ftjNMA-FBBi_VU2IyL6UoaRKQOJsW1ToP7X/s1600/aspergillus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;"><img border="0" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8kWwZspQyyt1QngKBQgpmhf2aan0O5AYNFHV5MCE5kmhzDB893JpdqaYX-_vtjs7f-hBORbkDyXesHGur7UgNuS8qIraURjVeaec87Dc03ftjNMA-FBBi_VU2IyL6UoaRKQOJsW1ToP7X/s1600/aspergillus.jpg" width="200" /></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">
<b>3<span style="color: red;">. </span>Basidiomycotina</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Jamur kelompok ini disebut Basidiomycotina karena dalam
reproduksi seksualnya menghasilkan <b>basidiospora</b>. Jamur yang termasuk kelas
Basidiomycotina mempunyai ciri-ciri yaitu dinding selnya tersusun atus zat
kitin,multiseluler, hifa bersekat, dibedakan hifa primer (berinti satu) dan
sekunder (berinti dua), mengandung inti haploid, memiliki keturunan diploid
lebih singkat, membentuk badan buah yang disebut <b>basidikrop</b>, reproduksi aseksual dengan membentuk <b>kondiospora,</b> reproduksi seksual dengan
menghasilkan <b>basidopora.</b><span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #4d555a; font-weight: normal; line-height: 26px;"></span></b></span></div>
<ul style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 13.5pt; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.75em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 26px;">
<li style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Hifa (+) dan hifa (-) yang berinti haploid (n) berkecambah dari basidiospora. Kedua hifa ini saling bersinggungan.</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Plasmogami terjadi antara hifa (+) dan hifa (-) sehingga inti salah satu hifa pindah ke hifa lainnya membentuk hifa dengan dua inti haploid (n) yang berpasangan (dikariotik).</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Hifa haploid dikariotik akan tumbuh menjadi miselium haploid dikariotik.</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Miselium dikariotik tumbuh dan membentuk badan buah yang disebut basidiokarp.</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Pada ujung-ujung hifa basidiokarp terjadi kariogami sehingga membentuk basidium yang berinti diploid (2n).</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Inti diploid dalam basidium akan membelah secara meioisis menjadi empat inti yang haploid (n).</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Basidium membentuk empat tonjolan yang disebut sterigma pada ujungnya.</span></div>
</li>
</span></b></span>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-style: inherit; line-height: 26px;">Satu inti haploid pada basidium kemudian masuk ke dalam salah satu sterigma dan berkembang menjadi basidiospora.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-style: inherit; line-height: 26px;"><span style="color: red;">Basidiospora di hasilkan di bagian bawah tudung</span></span></li>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 26px;">
<li style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Jika basidiospora terlepas dari basidium dan jatuh pada tempat yang sesuai, akan tumbuh menjadi hifa yang haploid.</span></div>
<div style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Contoh dan peranan jamur Basidiomycota adalah sebagai berikut :</span><br />
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">a. Sebagai bahan makanan : Jamur kuping (Auricularia polytricha), Jamur merang (Volvoriella volvacea), dan jamur tiram (Pleurotus).</span><br />
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">b. Sebagai obat dan suplemen : jamur kayu ( Gonoderma apllanatum)</span><br />
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">c. Bersimbiosis dengan akar tanaman tingkat tinggi membentuk mikoriza, berfungsi untuk membentu pertumbuhan tanaman dan meningkatkan unsur hara.</span><br />
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">d. Sebagai parasit : Ustilago maydis (parasit pada jagung), Puchinia arachidis (pada kacang tanah), Amanita muscaria (menimbulkan halusinasi), Amanita pholaides (beracun jika dimakan)</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>4. Deuteromycotina</b></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Jamur kelompok ini disebut jamur imperfecti (jamur tidak
sempurna) atau deuteromycotina karena belum diketahui cara perkembang biakan
seksualnya. Jamur yang termasuk kelas Deuteromycotina mempunyai ciri-ciri
yaitu dinding selnya tersusun atas zat kitin, multiseluler, hifa bersekat,
dibedakan tipe hifa Primer (berinti satu) dan sekunder (berinti dua),
mengandung inti haploid, Memiliki keturunan diploid lebih singkat, dan
reproduksi aseksual dengan membentuk <b>konidiospora,</b>sedangkan reproduksi seksualnya belum diketahui. Jika cara reproduksi seksualnya sudah diketahui, maka akan dikelompokan ulang menjadi anggota dari ketiga kelas di atas sesuai dengan cara reproduksianya. Contoh <i>Monillia sitophila</i> (jamur oncom) setelah diketahui reproduksi seksualnya menghasilkan askospora, namanya kemudian diubah menjadi <i>Neurospora</i> <i>crasa</i> ,dan dikelompokan kedalam kelas Askomycota. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">contoh spesies dari kelas Deuteromycotina antara lain sebagai
berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Microsporium
audoini, Trichophyton, dan Epidermophyton penyebab penyakit kurap dan
panu.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Epidermophyton
floocosum dan <i>Tinea pedis</i> penyebab penyakit kaki atlet.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Scelothium
rolfsii penyebab penyakit busuk pada tanaman.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Helmintorosporium
oryzae perusak kecambah dan buah.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i>Tinea versicholor</i> penyebab panu</span></li>
</ul>
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<b> </b><br />
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Kegiatan :<br />
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<ul>
<li>Tujuan : Mengamati dan mempelajari ukuran, bentuk, struktur, sifat hidup, habitat, cara reproduksi, dan klasifikasi jamur</li>
<li>Alat dan Bahan :</li>
</ul>
<div>
<ol>
<li>Mikroskop</li>
<li>Kaca objek</li>
<li>Kaca penutup</li>
<li>Kaca pembesar/lup</li>
<li>Pipet tetes</li>
<li>Pinset</li>
<li>Beberapa macam jamur yang terdapat disekitar lingkungan tinggal, (minimal 5 macam).</li>
</ol>
<div>
<ul>
<li>Cara kerja :</li>
</ul>
<div>
<ol>
<li>Siapkan jamur yang akan diamati, kelompokan antara jamur yang mikroskopis atau makroskopis</li>
<li>Untuk jamur mikroskopis , lakukan pengamatan dengan menggunakan mikroskop</li>
<li>Untuk jamur yang makroskopis , lakukan pengamatan langsung, bisa menggunakan kaca pembesar</li>
<li>Gambarkan masing-masing jamur yang sudah ditemukan, dan beri keterangan pada gambar </li>
<li>Jawablah pertanyaan -pertanyaan di bawah ini sesuai dengan jenis jamur , dan jawaban diletakan di bawah gambar jamur yang diamati :</li>
</ol>
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<ul>
<li>Pertanyaan :</li>
</ul>
<div>
<ol>
<li>Bagaimanakah ukuran jamur yang diamati ? mikroskopis atau makroskopis?</li>
<li>Bagaimanakah bentuknya?</li>
<li>Sebutkan struktur penyusun tubuhnya, yang meliputi :</li>
</ol>
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<ul>
<li>Inti selnya eukaryotik atau prokaryotik?</li>
<li>Zat apakah yang menyusun dinding sel jamur?</li>
<li>Apakah jamur memiliki klorofil?</li>
<li>Apakah warna jamur yang kalian amati?</li>
<li>Apakah jenis hifa septa atau hifa senositik?</li>
<li>Apakah jamur tersebut memiliki miselium?</li>
<li>Sebutkan fungsi miselium vegetatif dan miselium generatif?</li>
</ul>
<div>
4. Jamur yang kalian amati apakah bersifat parasit, saprofit atau mutualisme?</div>
</div>
</div>
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5. Dimanakah habitatnya atau apakah substratnya?</div>
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6. Perhatikan reproduksinya, spora aseksualnya adalah .... dan spora seksualnya adalaah ,,,,</div>
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7, Jamur dikelompokan menjadi 4 kelas, sebutkan !</div>
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8. Jamur yang sudah kalian amati, termasuk dalam kelas apa ?</div>
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*********** <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Good Luck</b></span> ************</div>
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<ul>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> PROTISTA</span></li>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Kingdom protista adalah kelompok organisme yang memiliki struktur sel eukaryotik intinya mempunyai selaput/membran inti), uniseluler maupun multiseluler, dan tidak memiliki jaringan yang sebenarnya.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Protista dikelompokan menjadi :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1. Protista menyerupai jamur</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. Protista menyerupai tumbuhan (alga/ganggang)</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3. Protista menyerupai hewan (protozoa)</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<h2>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Protista Mirip Jamur</span></h2>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Protista mirip jamur tidak dimasukan kedalam jamur/fungi karena struktur tubuh dan cara reproduksi berbeda. Kesamaanya dengan jamur adalah memiliki stuktur yang menghasilkan spora ,heterotrop, parasit dan pengurai. </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Terbagi menjadi dua yaitu Myxomycota dan Oomycota</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a. Myxomycvota ( jamur lendir) :</span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Habitat dihutan basah, batang kayu busuk, tanah lembab.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ada dua fase dalam hidupnya yaitu fase hewan (berbentuk plasmodium) dan fase tumbuhan (fase plasmodium mengering membentuk tubuh buah yang bertangkai)</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">merupakan predator fagosit, karena dapat menelan bakteri, hama, spora, dan berbagai komponen organik.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Struktur tubuh vegetatif berbentuk seperti lendir yang disebut plasmodium, merupakan massa sitoplasma berinti banyak dan bergerak seperti amoeba, memperoleh makanan secara fagosit (memasukan makanan ke dalam sel kemudian dicerna di dalam vakuola makanan.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Reproduksi secara vegetatif dengan pembelahan biner</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Jika telah dewasa plasmodium akan menuju tempat yang kering dan membentuk badan buah (fruiting bodies), kemudian membentuk sporangium (kotak spora), sporangium yang masak akan pecah dan spora akan tersebar dengan bantuan angin.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Spora yang berkecambah akan membentuk sel gamet yg haploid, kemudian terjadi singgami. Singgami adalah peleburan dua gamet yang bentuk dan ukurannya sama (jantan dan betina tidak dapaat dibedakan). Hasil peleburan berupa zigot, yang kemudian tumbuh dewasa menjadi plasmodium kembali.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Contoh : <i>Dictyostelium discoideum, </i>perhatikan skema daur hidup jamur lendir :</span></li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisZ9Ck5j2sVM25m4HZsZftSLlEy47SKYgOouCldAhjgJxfKj5bqXFpqrY5jNIr2wpT20hFfk0sNadUblmM3G8yIkriEu3KPq8U3S2VTcf7NAbO0MYVjCka2EWvC85P9VvCz2FCFVNUD4fq/s1600/JAMUR+LENDIR+MYXOMICOTA.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisZ9Ck5j2sVM25m4HZsZftSLlEy47SKYgOouCldAhjgJxfKj5bqXFpqrY5jNIr2wpT20hFfk0sNadUblmM3G8yIkriEu3KPq8U3S2VTcf7NAbO0MYVjCka2EWvC85P9VvCz2FCFVNUD4fq/s1600/JAMUR+LENDIR+MYXOMICOTA.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">b. Oomycota (jamur air)</span></div>
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<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dinding sel dari selulosa</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Memiliki hifa senositik(tidak bersekat)</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Habitat di tempat lembab/perairan</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Reproduksi vegetatif membentuk zoospora (spora berflagel), bila telah matanag zoospora akan ke luar dari sporangium dan ditempat yang sesuai akan tumbuh menjadi miselium /hifa baru.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Reproduksi generatif dengan fertilisasi membentuk zigot yang akan tumbuh menjadi oospora.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Contoh jamur air :<i> Saprolegnia </i>(parasit pada ikan), <i>Phytophtora infestans</i> (parasit pada kentang), <i>Phytium </i>(membusukan kecambah dan akar), Plasmophora (pd anggur)</span></li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjofnAU0VNmqI9KjI73UHZNr5ROaXR9upMAVmas3_69RbeeQDJVISpjGjVGqG9f3CMz90I8LLR-4A9Nohyphenhyphen-0NHBNrkGbTdvaKEvSre0RTgX_aVPbI5a_u4VV0YoGG1q8N7OXx7HvZIcKOt_/s1600/download+(2).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><img border="0" height="144" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjofnAU0VNmqI9KjI73UHZNr5ROaXR9upMAVmas3_69RbeeQDJVISpjGjVGqG9f3CMz90I8LLR-4A9Nohyphenhyphen-0NHBNrkGbTdvaKEvSre0RTgX_aVPbI5a_u4VV0YoGG1q8N7OXx7HvZIcKOt_/s1600/download+(2).jpg" width="200" /></span></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Perhatikan skema daur hidup jamur air di bawah ini :</span></li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIM66LmVSFbjrN0EpfAbBcTwZeCkMHWWZ7VQbxZJYxLk1R9rLf474ZJtq3-e1ZaeQ-WDkvnxyIL7bltCdqMzGHKJP1S7jx3rEsYUMFSqzdxuMgl3brBS9pYuowEaWo8827ZycVKd4pjyeb/s1600/saproglenia+jamur+air.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIM66LmVSFbjrN0EpfAbBcTwZeCkMHWWZ7VQbxZJYxLk1R9rLf474ZJtq3-e1ZaeQ-WDkvnxyIL7bltCdqMzGHKJP1S7jx3rEsYUMFSqzdxuMgl3brBS9pYuowEaWo8827ZycVKd4pjyeb/s1600/saproglenia+jamur+air.jpg" /></span></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Protista Mirip Hewan (Protozoa)</span></h2>
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<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Protozoa berasal dari bahasa yunani protos artinya pertama dan zoon artinya hewan</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Protozoa merupakan hewan bersel satu (uniseluler), dimana seluruh kegiatan hidupnya dilakukan oleh sel itu sendiri melalui organel yang ada di dalamnya.</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bersifat eukaryotik/ inti sejati (inti dilindungi oleh membran inti/caryotheca)</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ukuran 3-1000 mikron</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tidak memiliki dinding sel, namun jika lingkungan kurang baik, dapat membentuk lapisan pelindung yang tebal yang disebut kista, setelah lingkungan baik kista akan pecah</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bersifat heterotrof, artinya makanan tergantung pada organisme lain (fagosit,saprofit dan parasit)</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Habitat tempat basah yang kaya zat organik, air tawar, air laut</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Berkembang biak dengan membelah diri / membelah biner, secara generatif dengan penyatuan intu vegetatif yang disebut konjugasi.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Klasifikasi protozoa : protozoa diklasifikasikan berdasarkan alat geraknya .</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Berdasarkan alat geraknya protozoa dibedakan menjadi 4 kelas dan agar mudah menghafal disingkat<b> RSCM (Rhizopoda, Sporozoa, Ciliata,Mastigophora)</b></span></span></li>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white;">a. Rhizopoda :</b></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Berasal dari bahasa Yunani, rhizo = akar, podos = kaki</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bergerak dengan menggunakan kaki semu (pseudopodia), Kaki semu merupakan penjuluran dari sebagian protoplasma. Geraknya disebut gerak amoeboid.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bentuk tubuh tidak trtap/ berubah-ubah</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Perhatikan gambar </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Amoeba proteus, berikut ini :</i></span></span></li>
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<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Struktur tubuhnya terdiri dari sitoplasma yang terdiri dari ektoplasma dan endoplasma.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ektoplasma adalah plasma bagian luar yang berbatasan dengan membran plasma. Endoplasma adalah plasma bagian dalam sel. Ektoplasma lebih kental dari pada endoplasma . Aliran sitoplasma dan endoplasma berperan dalam pergerakan pseudopodia.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Makanan diambil secara fagosit, pseudopodia mengelilingi makanan, kemudian dicerna didalam vakuola makanan, zat makanan masuk ke sitoplasma secara difusi (lihat Gb).</span></li>
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<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Alat eksresinya vakuola kontraktil/rongga berdenyut. Vakuola kontraktil juga berfungsi memelihara keseimbangan osmosis sel sehingga mencegah pengembangan diluar batas yang mengakibatkan protozoa pecah.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pernafasan secara difusi melalui permukaan tubuh.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Berkembang biak secara aseksual vegetatif dengan membelah diri/pembelahan biner/amitosis, dan secara seksual. (lihat Gb)</span></li>
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<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pada kondisi lingkungan yang tidak menguntungkan, misalnya kekeringan, rhizopoda tertentu akan beradaptasi untuk mempertahankan hidupnya dengan membentuk kista, bentuk tidak aktif, dan jika lingkungan cocok akan akitif kembali.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Contoh rhizopoda :</span></li>
</ul>
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<ol>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Entamoeba histolytica</i> parasit di usus halusmanusia, penyebab disentri</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Entamoeba col</i>i, di usus besar manusia, penyebab diare (lihat Gb di bawah)</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Entamoeba gingivalis</i>, merusak gigi dan gusi</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Foraminifera sp</i>, indikator adanya minyak bumi</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Radiolaria</i>, untuk bahan penggosok</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Arcella sp, Difflugia</i> ,hidup di air tawar</span></li>
</ol>
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</span><br />
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<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Protozoa berperan sebagai zooplankton , indikator minyak bumi dan dapat menimbulkan penyakit.</span></li>
</ul>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>b. Sprozoa (Apicomplexa)</b></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sporozoa berasal dari bahasa yunani : spore = biji, zoa = hewan</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Merupakan protista mirip hewan yang salah satu tahapan hidupnya memiliki bentuk seperti spora, tidak memiliki alat gerak.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Seluruh jenis sporozoa hidup parasit pada hewan dan manusia</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Reproduksi dengan dua cara, yaitu :</span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 1. Aseksual/vegetatif :yaitu pembelahan biner / skozogoni yang terjadi di tubuh inang </span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b> </b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">tetap (manusia).</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 2. Seksual/ generatif (gametogenesis) : pembentukan dan peleburan sel-sel gamet </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (mikrogamet/gamet jantan dan makrogamet/gamet betina), yang terjadi di dalam </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> tubuh inang perantara (hospes intermediet), misalnya nyamuk .</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Contoh sporozoa : </span></li>
</ul>
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<ol>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Plasmodium vivax,</i> penyebab penyakit malaria tertiana dengan gejala demam dan masa sporulasi dalam selang waktu 48 jam</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Plasmodium malariae</i>, penyebab malaria quartana, demam, dengan masa sporulasi 72 jam.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Plasmodium falcifarum</i>, penyebab malaria tropika, demam tidak teratur, dan paling berbahaya.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Plasmodium ovale</i>, penyebab penyakit limpa atau malaria ovale tertiana, dengan gejala demam lebih ringan dari pada malaria tertiana.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> menyebabkan penyakit toksoplasmosis</span></li>
</ol>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFAd2fhIiCpnotU7z0O2nrqdpMyhxuW-gIvdrNdAoTvkvq4uaQFMJx0RGBWcmdGjHo6c-RWDvz_Y0UluGL_vdVAG92OpHO40oetW6zHtr7gyU_xXWIafAhxS-7Mz8YimzoJ0pSZ1N6Mvgj/s1600/gb9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="154" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFAd2fhIiCpnotU7z0O2nrqdpMyhxuW-gIvdrNdAoTvkvq4uaQFMJx0RGBWcmdGjHo6c-RWDvz_Y0UluGL_vdVAG92OpHO40oetW6zHtr7gyU_xXWIafAhxS-7Mz8YimzoJ0pSZ1N6Mvgj/s1600/gb9.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgh9FkJ59QyioDtn-JsVkoH2NNneQBJPPU0R5vjwJLWBahJSTSES2jemkDUaM63oK0gGzHVqTHeQV9CYUnhqHk2dmnTcp7R7BgBAQJOnNF5Zhxbuo-t1VXNqnw5nTuSM57kqoNC-t6423fz/s1600/gb10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgh9FkJ59QyioDtn-JsVkoH2NNneQBJPPU0R5vjwJLWBahJSTSES2jemkDUaM63oK0gGzHVqTHeQV9CYUnhqHk2dmnTcp7R7BgBAQJOnNF5Zhxbuo-t1VXNqnw5nTuSM57kqoNC-t6423fz/s1600/gb10.jpg" width="200" /></a><br />
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<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Daur hidup plasmodium :</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Siklus /daur hidup plasmodium membutuhkan dua inang makhluk hidup :</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Di dalam tubuh manusia sebagai inang tetap ( reproduksi aseksual)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Di dalam tubuh nyamuk anopheles betina sebagai inang perantara ( reproduksi seksual)</span></li>
</ol>
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<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Perhatikan gambar daur hidup plasmodium berikut :</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Keterangan :</span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nyamuk Anopheles betina menggigit, mengisap darah manusia kemudian mengeluarkan air liur yang mengendung<b> sporozoit</b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Selanjutnya di dalam tubuh manusia :</span></li>
</ul>
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<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bersama aliran darah<b> sporozoit</b> menuju hati dan menetap selama kurang lebih 3 hari</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sporozoid keliar dari hati, kemudian menginfeksi sel-sel darah merah. Sporozoid dalam sel darah merah disebut <b>tropozoid</b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tropozoid akan membelah menjadi 6-32<b> merozoid</b> (terjadi reproduksi secara aseksual yang disebut <b>skizogoni</b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Setelah sel darah merah pecah, merozoid keluar dan mencari sel darah merah baru. Kejadian merozoid merusak/melisis sel darah merah berulang kali, menyebabkan tubuh menjadi demam.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sebagian dari merozoid berubah menjadi <b> gametosit</b> kemudian berubah lagi menjadi <b>mikrogametosit </b>( gamet jantan) dan <b>makrogametosit</b> (gamet betina)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Jika darah si penderita digigit nyamuk Anopheles betina, dan mengisap darah penedrita, maka mikrogametosit dan makrogametosit akan ikut terhisap dan masuk ke dalam tubuh nyamuk.</span></li>
</ol>
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<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Selanjutnya di dalam tubuh nyamuk Anopheles betina :</span></li>
</ul>
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<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Di dalam kelenjar ludah nyamuk makrogametosit dan mikrogametosit berkembang menjadi makrogamet (ovum ) dan mikrogamet (sperma). Proses nya disebut <b>gametogenesis</b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Kemudian terjadi peleburan/ fertilisasi antara sperma dan ovum membentuk<b> zigot </b>(reproduksi seksual)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Zygot berkembang menjadi<b> ookinet </b>masuk ke usus nyamuk untuk mendapatkan makanan</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">OOkinet selanjutnya terbungkus oleh otot dinding perut nyamuk menjadi<b> ookista</b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ookista akan membentuk <b>sporozoit</b> ( prosesnya disebut sporogoni)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sporozoit kemudian pindah ke kelenjar ludah nyamuk</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Akhirnya, apabila nyamuk Anopheles betina menggigit dan menghisap darah manusia, nyamuk juga akan mengeluarkan air liur yang mengandung<b> sporozoit.</b></span></li>
</ol>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Untuk memudahkan penghapalan daur plasmodium gunakan singkatan :</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>S-T-M-G-Z-O-O = Sporozoit-Tropozoid-Merozoid- Gametosit-Zygot- Ookinet- Ookista</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Plasmodium dapat tetap hidup, meskipun tidak aktif di dalam sel hati penderita malaria selama berbulan-bulan bahkan bertahun-tahun, akibatnya dikemudian hari penyakit malaria dapat kambuh lagi.</span></div>
</div>
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<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pemberantasan malaria dilakukan dengan cara :</span></div>
<div>
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Menghindari gigitan nyamuk anopheles sp.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Memotong siklus hidupnyanya dengan cara mengubut barang bekas yang dapat digenangi air, menutup dan menguras bak penampungan air.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mengendalikan populasi nyamuk dengan insektisida dan larvasida</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pemberian obat anti malaria atau dengan pengobatan tradisional.</span></li>
</ol>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>c. Ciliata</b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCRLNzCfsUx8YEprYTCH_nglaltVrM5IDka2EQTQprPjsCQjLD5XxuXDroCpn6A_DulQXtV48xRXldlPVM0qMiLbTe2Cwo97CBdjTWrMido_Eeo3i9nJYFnJWGZ7SMM7PS3fclAHtApaEL/s1600/paramecium.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCRLNzCfsUx8YEprYTCH_nglaltVrM5IDka2EQTQprPjsCQjLD5XxuXDroCpn6A_DulQXtV48xRXldlPVM0qMiLbTe2Cwo97CBdjTWrMido_Eeo3i9nJYFnJWGZ7SMM7PS3fclAHtApaEL/s1600/paramecium.jpg" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal;"></span></b></span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN3pkYv3mcVInGR_5azlk-LsHcGVEYeoRQb2D9A9_13sEkzRhuCf3Kt3SIXjfie6evbAJkJi0sHhE9nT1wy6VclclgFnUiLICSRcHZ8c8KaeP1bAuU-5ZAkGPwXq8oc7kNIFSZNHwnDAc0/s1600/konjugasi+paramecium.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN3pkYv3mcVInGR_5azlk-LsHcGVEYeoRQb2D9A9_13sEkzRhuCf3Kt3SIXjfie6evbAJkJi0sHhE9nT1wy6VclclgFnUiLICSRcHZ8c8KaeP1bAuU-5ZAkGPwXq8oc7kNIFSZNHwnDAc0/s1600/konjugasi+paramecium.jpg" width="193" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ciliata dari bahasa latin cilia artinya rambut kecil</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Merupakan protista yang memiliki cilia diseluruh permukaan tubuhnya</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">silia berfungsi untuk bergerak dan menangkap makanan</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bentuk tubuh tetap/tidak berubah</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sifat hidup ada yang bebas dan ada yang parasit</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Habitat di tempat berair,sawah, rawa, tanah berair yang banyak mengandung bahan organik</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Struktur tubuh memiliki dua inti yaitu mikronukleus (untuk konjugasi), dan inti makronukleus (untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangbiakan).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Reproduksi terjadi secara aseksual (pembelahan biner) dan seksual dengan cara konjugasi</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Proses konjugasi terjadi antara dua paramecium yang saling berlekatan dan membentuk saluran untuk saling tukar menukar mikronukleus. Lihat gb di atas</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">contoh ; <span style="color: red;">Paramecium caudatum</span>, didinium, stensor, voricella dan yan<i>g</i> parasit adalah <i>Balantidium coli </i>(hidup di usus besar manusia, menyebabkan disentri)</span></li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAlOu4mg5zC0IkhsH_PaJoKR5SFvHo_O669cIzQNf0LTXQHLaZBYHZgUpX7qavDHl4XZNDCH47QXiK_Io_YYk6f8aF0-SuJZQvOpBuiN8FhyphenhyphenDJn7WiKLGwyNjTVYKxWWlL_lKTj7wxbS-K/s1600/balantidium.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAlOu4mg5zC0IkhsH_PaJoKR5SFvHo_O669cIzQNf0LTXQHLaZBYHZgUpX7qavDHl4XZNDCH47QXiK_Io_YYk6f8aF0-SuJZQvOpBuiN8FhyphenhyphenDJn7WiKLGwyNjTVYKxWWlL_lKTj7wxbS-K/s1600/balantidium.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
gb. Balantidium coli</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">d. Mastigophora/ Flagellata</span></div>
<div>
<ul>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Flagellata berasal dari bahasa latin, flagel = cambuk</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mastigophora, dari bahasa yunanai mastig = cambuk, phora = gerakan</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Merupakan protozoa yang bergerak dengan menggunakan bulu cambuk/flagelum.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Flagelum berfungsi : sebagai alat gerak, membawa makanan masuk ke mulut, sebagai indra untuk menjada keseimbangan.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tidak mempunyai klorofil, sehingga bersifat heterotrof</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Umumnya parasit pada hewan dan manusia</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Contoh :</span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQnoXuEumj32VJeYQDjPlsRu0JUQw_71RAs-H2WNDVTwz-7MDINAf9XJOzMH2KKMtcWNQ8etamUpEV4Wdg4pB7gWlwPt0_xvesUxuW52Q4HPf2x7rmQ7DfwOBmD3r_VbpEyALtsDj_QSlI/s1600/tripanosoma+gambiense.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiryhsR3lam4qSpRgm7zN-ntKorxIjhkGRb64H8THyaR0VVirbMdzydwjiioap5TyzvoM2zmTzAIun88GaW2ELrf9bsWuVQ-CF9Q2JVlVck9poQuOdn3uLgKiP8Vf0ia7hJeoAl1uj3rKEv/s1600/sakit+tidur.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="131" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiryhsR3lam4qSpRgm7zN-ntKorxIjhkGRb64H8THyaR0VVirbMdzydwjiioap5TyzvoM2zmTzAIun88GaW2ELrf9bsWuVQ-CF9Q2JVlVck9poQuOdn3uLgKiP8Vf0ia7hJeoAl1uj3rKEv/s1600/sakit+tidur.gif" width="200" /></a><img border="0" height="151" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQnoXuEumj32VJeYQDjPlsRu0JUQw_71RAs-H2WNDVTwz-7MDINAf9XJOzMH2KKMtcWNQ8etamUpEV4Wdg4pB7gWlwPt0_xvesUxuW52Q4HPf2x7rmQ7DfwOBmD3r_VbpEyALtsDj_QSlI/s1600/tripanosoma+gambiense.jpg" width="200" /> </div>
<ol>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAScBhU3vcTIDtOBg2Cr-UTYRwmoTJnnOpyoxRONXApEcVftmaAaJ1BGe-yZgxeIRIcn2VFvHvd9U3GuFsXu7oK8YkTLafL5jlng5NDzJAEldkOPeeznffY4tAJEAGjLoFluaDOvXONHT3/s1600/Glosina.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAScBhU3vcTIDtOBg2Cr-UTYRwmoTJnnOpyoxRONXApEcVftmaAaJ1BGe-yZgxeIRIcn2VFvHvd9U3GuFsXu7oK8YkTLafL5jlng5NDzJAEldkOPeeznffY4tAJEAGjLoFluaDOvXONHT3/s1600/Glosina.gif" width="200" /></a><br />
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<ol>
<li><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tripanosoma gambiense , dan Tripanosoma rhodosiensi penyebab sakit tidur, vektor lalat tsetse (gb diatas)</span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tripanosoma cruci ,penyebab sakit cagas (anemia anak)</span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tripanosoma lewisi, parasit pada darah tikus</span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tripanosoma evansi, penyebab sakit sura (malas ) pada ternak</span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tripanosoma brucei, penyakit nagano pada ternak</span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Leshmania donovani , penyebab penyakit kalaazar (demam dan anemia</span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Leismania tropika , penyabab penyakit kulit</span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ticomonas vaginalis, keputihan vagina (gambar di bawah)</span></b></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcQWD_d_UDW7QhwdZMm5YMwmZEcRDkXaWc1pj4wCN9eS0FhzWGHLniOX_TFrOT1cBmQuecMWAjShkXw1EOo1_5qDQHzKG-KG47cFwzIrxrpQgzw6fsg_BbvaPs4SBzke_FLVZdFjSbwfle/s1600/trikomonas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcQWD_d_UDW7QhwdZMm5YMwmZEcRDkXaWc1pj4wCN9eS0FhzWGHLniOX_TFrOT1cBmQuecMWAjShkXw1EOo1_5qDQHzKG-KG47cFwzIrxrpQgzw6fsg_BbvaPs4SBzke_FLVZdFjSbwfle/s1600/trikomonas.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="200" /></a></span></b>
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<h4>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Protista mirip Tumbuhan (Ganggang/ Algae)</span></h4>
<div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ganggang/ algae merupakan organisme yang hidupnya di perairan</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">inti sel eukaryotik (memiliki membran inti)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Uniseluler (bersel tunggal) dan multiseluler (bersel banyak)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sendiri (soliter) dan berkelompok (koloni)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ukuran mikroskopis (25 mikron,yaitu <i>navicula</i> dan makroskopis ( 50 meter, yaitu Macrochystis)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Memiliki kloroplas, sehingga dapat berfotosintesis atau bersifat fotoautotrop</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Habitat diperairan atau di tanah lembab</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Berperan sebagai produsen diperairan / fitoplankton</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Reproduksi aseksual dengan cara pembelahan biner, fragmentasi dan pembentukan spora. sedangkan seksual dengan konjugasi, anisogami dan oogami</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Perhatikan struktur tubuh ganggang<i> Chlamydomonas</i> di bawah ini :</span></li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz9GOIf8vy2rccv20ihae2ctKq7J95q62OeMMCZbJA5cJSVq_pnwq-oT6xMz_ap7775phti_ox01LsyKisiyq0kmdsSv5WsPQRxc_llqL-IFn6vSYw05vIpFHvM8Dvf4hYbP2qesya5Fx0/s1600/Picture1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz9GOIf8vy2rccv20ihae2ctKq7J95q62OeMMCZbJA5cJSVq_pnwq-oT6xMz_ap7775phti_ox01LsyKisiyq0kmdsSv5WsPQRxc_llqL-IFn6vSYw05vIpFHvM8Dvf4hYbP2qesya5Fx0/s1600/Picture1.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Klasifikasi : Algae diklasifikasikan berdasarkan pigmen dominan, komponen penyusun dinding sel, jumlah dan posisi flagel, serta bentuk cadangan makanan (pirenoid).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Berdasarkan kriteria tersebut, ganggang terbagi menjadi enam kelompok, yaitu :</span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<div>
<ol style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<li><b>Euglenophyta</b></li>
</ol>
<div>
<ul>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">mampu melakukan fotosintesis, karena memiliki kromatofora</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">habitat di perairan bersih dan kotor</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">memiliki bintik mata yang berisi fotoreseptor yang ditutupi oleh lapisan benang merah (fikobilin), yang menyebabkan euglenoid dapatmendeteksi dan bergerak menuju cahaya.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">makanan dicerna secara ; saprofitik, holozoik dan holofitik.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b> holozoik</b> : memangsa organisme lain lalu mencernanya di dalam tubuh</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b> holofitik</b> : membuat makanan sendiri dari zat anorganik</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b> saprofitik</b> : mencerna organisme yang telah mati</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Reproduksi terjadi secara aseksual dengan pembelahan biner, dan seksual dengan konjugasi</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Contoh : <i>Euglena viridis</i>, <i>volvox globator</i>, <i>Noctiluca miliaris</i></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Perhatikan gambar <i>Euglena </i>di bawah ini :</span></li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8edx7fFouz3jbGkTNxdkaFHKwnZajrt_hRK62Jw39EIlrQ-31MOWbRimFA8WakMYoWaNIDlvxDaGfiQUWqKiRKx5iUohDnx_wS7Qd6JJ938nQj5K3JmwfgenKUP4F4VZwAdMghyG4-55i/s1600/euglena.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8edx7fFouz3jbGkTNxdkaFHKwnZajrt_hRK62Jw39EIlrQ-31MOWbRimFA8WakMYoWaNIDlvxDaGfiQUWqKiRKx5iUohDnx_wS7Qd6JJ938nQj5K3JmwfgenKUP4F4VZwAdMghyG4-55i/s1600/euglena.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDbcNUaOMlR-Q9N0e7i1Mqy6y3KKoXDhYb6D-ibbmVO_QIfyrUtJDfiUJ35Bwy50SAGK08mIpwx75MJ5a6JB9VC1j5ZiKrX3BPz86JBmoDqgv2ltTgqTrITH11VJI9-Rr1YdHLizzUMY6V/s1600/viridis_8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDbcNUaOMlR-Q9N0e7i1Mqy6y3KKoXDhYb6D-ibbmVO_QIfyrUtJDfiUJ35Bwy50SAGK08mIpwx75MJ5a6JB9VC1j5ZiKrX3BPz86JBmoDqgv2ltTgqTrITH11VJI9-Rr1YdHLizzUMY6V/s1600/viridis_8.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span></div>
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<b><br /></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. Ganggang Keemasan (Chrysophyta)</span></b><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">memiliki pigmen dominan santofil (keemasan)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">hidup di air tawar dan air laut</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Contoh :<i> Navicula</i> (memiliki struktur bagian dasar hipoteka dan bagian penutup<b> </b>epiteka),<i> Diatome</i> , <i>Synura</i>, dan<i> Mischococcus .</i></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">sisa cangkang <i>diatome</i> , membentuk tanah diatom untuk bahan peledak, bahan penggosok, bahan isolasi, dan campuran semen..</span></li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXVz8nN1zUZOsPB6LLB-_Cp1hMh5w4KNQXIX-YIFVokup29_vvfV137D0pXR8jr_8L_wB8fFvFhzCNr-9qq0hVR06MTGIeVOdo3dLJG_o0F-NJr-2P8gwwxjFtxTgtrK__aLaN0c_Q8qTc/s1600/Picture3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><img border="0" height="145" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXVz8nN1zUZOsPB6LLB-_Cp1hMh5w4KNQXIX-YIFVokup29_vvfV137D0pXR8jr_8L_wB8fFvFhzCNr-9qq0hVR06MTGIeVOdo3dLJG_o0F-NJr-2P8gwwxjFtxTgtrK__aLaN0c_Q8qTc/s1600/Picture3.jpg" width="640" /></b></a></div>
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<div class="" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i> Navicula</i></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3. Ganggang Api/ Pyrophyta/ Ganggang Api</span></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dikatakan ganggang api karena memiliki alasan :</span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ada yang mampu berpendar (fluoresen), sehingga di malam hari laut nampak bercahaya</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Beberapa spesies, pada musim tertentu dapat melimpah jumlahnya (blooming), yang menyebabkan timbulnya<i> red tide, (</i> air laut berwarna merah kecoklatan) di pinggir pantai ,dapat menghasilkan racun yang dapat membunuh ikan dan hewan laut di sekitarnya.</span></li>
</ol>
<div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Habitat : di perairan laut</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Berperan sebagai fitoplankton di laut dan dapat menghasilkan racun/toksin</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Contoh : <i>Gymnodinium breve </i>(menghasilkan toksin saraf), <i>Noctiluca scintillan </i>(dapat berpendar) dan <i>Gonyaulax (gb)</i></span></li>
</ul>
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<div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiltHf49aPA94gjDD-cUl4PQ9qos5SL0hg61OYnlpC_Zx9GCVh8Asvx907_3pcqF_oLIxQOwdI3UEOa_-df8bDnustHL6AAwcsza488DQMmlgaEBblMF-iUfmmZMjV-auNlDOeZoVnn9k_W/s1600/Picture5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiltHf49aPA94gjDD-cUl4PQ9qos5SL0hg61OYnlpC_Zx9GCVh8Asvx907_3pcqF_oLIxQOwdI3UEOa_-df8bDnustHL6AAwcsza488DQMmlgaEBblMF-iUfmmZMjV-auNlDOeZoVnn9k_W/s1600/Picture5.jpg" /></a></div>
4.<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Ganggang hijau (<i>Clhorophyta)</i></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Memiliki pigmen dominan hijau (klorofil)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dapat mengolah makanan sendiri(autotrof)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Habitat perairan tawar dan laut dangkal</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Reproduksi aseksual dengan pembelahan biner, pembentukan spora dan fragmentasi</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Reproduksi seksual dengan isogami, anisogami atau oogami</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Berperan sebagai phytoflankton </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Contoh :<i> volvox, Ulva dan Chlorella</i></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Chlorella </i>sebagai sumber makanan bergizi tinggi <i>, ulva </i> sebagai sumber makanan berupa sayur</span></li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5tHkBbPXHJQJ3yUXG5ofKz8vqywvPf-BGRZ1Kuy5djW1Saq0-QiD3nEeLJn4qqsceuJV2THWihEko4EW6qeI915uiNSUHcgX1YiWt02fyOceQOzs8U_nHSWpNzkD9ydieMdgPeyezGS1i/s1600/gb1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="125" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5tHkBbPXHJQJ3yUXG5ofKz8vqywvPf-BGRZ1Kuy5djW1Saq0-QiD3nEeLJn4qqsceuJV2THWihEko4EW6qeI915uiNSUHcgX1YiWt02fyOceQOzs8U_nHSWpNzkD9ydieMdgPeyezGS1i/s1600/gb1.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip6WIZGzTaFcBwNC7rph-5NmX1uFThv12_rHtEu2BriTo3cLGjYwh8T5iPTGczLF4QBKRtWhnUJZtG5QmXG3m02rHSJ4bBqKm_xCNZL8jyHs9ziJ68rAO03gsPb9pQ4nyV_PUBDv5EygEN/s1600/gb11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip6WIZGzTaFcBwNC7rph-5NmX1uFThv12_rHtEu2BriTo3cLGjYwh8T5iPTGczLF4QBKRtWhnUJZtG5QmXG3m02rHSJ4bBqKm_xCNZL8jyHs9ziJ68rAO03gsPb9pQ4nyV_PUBDv5EygEN/s1600/gb11.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRUpXXtBycoLoRyuHLhSsWOWfvcQfhPCKWq5Di2yDSRLjqRpFioPPkMcyTwM2RwYA9pwPZpuC6D-eudnoe_wR7eghyphenhyphenigTtoBI1aObD0Aa_XYNrJEE8xFjUo-9zSHf8JqsCn_VGoatB_03h/s1600/gb5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="129" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRUpXXtBycoLoRyuHLhSsWOWfvcQfhPCKWq5Di2yDSRLjqRpFioPPkMcyTwM2RwYA9pwPZpuC6D-eudnoe_wR7eghyphenhyphenigTtoBI1aObD0Aa_XYNrJEE8xFjUo-9zSHf8JqsCn_VGoatB_03h/s1600/gb5.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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5. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ganggang Coklat (<i>Phaeophyta)</i></span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Berasal dari bahasa yunani <i>phaios, </i>artinya coklat</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pigmen dominan karoten yaitu fukosantin (coklat)</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pigmen lain klorofil a, klorofil c dan xantofil</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">umumnya multiseluler, bentuk tubuh benang atau talus</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">habitat umumnya di laut, dan di wilayah pasang surut pantai</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">contoh : <i>Surgassum</i>, <i>Laminaria</i>, <i>Turbinaria, fucus</i></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>laminaria</i> bermanfaat untuk pupuk pertanian , dan makanan ternak di daerah pesisir karena mengandung kalium</span></li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8t-UNiHiSQu3w9QOfHxememlUbG59sPZDzHhI5fangU_zKbX0kmNz29Tjm3THhFZApbcxQ5O_fuaz3O8jA0gWGKZqYAEDS6ZT7ZkMtsxXMHJYT644bXfRs0HSdKC18yr3B0_y5Vhtxth5/s1600/bg8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="125" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8t-UNiHiSQu3w9QOfHxememlUbG59sPZDzHhI5fangU_zKbX0kmNz29Tjm3THhFZApbcxQ5O_fuaz3O8jA0gWGKZqYAEDS6ZT7ZkMtsxXMHJYT644bXfRs0HSdKC18yr3B0_y5Vhtxth5/s1600/bg8.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">gb.<i> fucus</i></span></div>
</div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><br /></i></span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">6. Ganggang merah (<i>Rhodophyta</i>)</span></div>
<div>
<ul>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Berasal dari bahasa yunani <i>rhodos</i> artinya merah</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">pigmen dominan fikobilin jenis fikoeritrin (merah)</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">pigmen lain klorofil a, klorifil d,karoten, dan fikosianin (biru)</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">cadangan makanan tepung florid</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">habitat di laut dalam</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">contoh : <i>Gelidium robustum</i>, <i>Carolina mediteranea , Euchema dan gellidium</i></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bermanfaat untuk pembuatan agar-agar, atau campuran pembuatan kue kering</span></li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF838O5OO9hS2c2TqFobpeGejROYfjvfvZzEAT3-gZv9TwS-kkvyYTPpinO3ExKN0J_K2gDH-wQzE4itRvoXaKGXTVkiYLmAbjznzspZ9f4GWlsr_62-gdFJv6DzWwnsuCC8WcdWv03vo7/s1600/gb7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="185" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF838O5OO9hS2c2TqFobpeGejROYfjvfvZzEAT3-gZv9TwS-kkvyYTPpinO3ExKN0J_K2gDH-wQzE4itRvoXaKGXTVkiYLmAbjznzspZ9f4GWlsr_62-gdFJv6DzWwnsuCC8WcdWv03vo7/s1600/gb7.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">gb.<i> Carolina medeiterania</i></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08950246837416435211noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6365873963433022204.post-35402649764811375122012-11-06T06:50:00.000-08:002014-04-13T02:43:44.152-07:00Aku dan Keluarga Q<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZKwOk1zdezKcHS4GDgAAorqm8DkxPDxVp4Y4mR6cIqPXQRIX4UAKfBzj3JSodIUsN2yzEm-27xwQPfwpDYvzVelAQy_BUa6TksqSth_pKNZ6bM56fraZxnmJG8jJsfl5PZDAaT4Tr74hY/s1600/557422_433513183357568_1232299232_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZKwOk1zdezKcHS4GDgAAorqm8DkxPDxVp4Y4mR6cIqPXQRIX4UAKfBzj3JSodIUsN2yzEm-27xwQPfwpDYvzVelAQy_BUa6TksqSth_pKNZ6bM56fraZxnmJG8jJsfl5PZDAaT4Tr74hY/s200/557422_433513183357568_1232299232_n.jpg" height="200" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: orange;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: orange;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: orange;"><b>Goresan ku,<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: orange;"><b>Bismillahirrohmaanirrahiim<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: orange;"><b>Assalamualaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarokatuh<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: orange;"><b>Alhamdulillah atas karunia-Nya, aku masih bisa
memberikan suatu tulisan berupa materi-materi pelajaran Biologi, sampai
detik ini. Semoga Allah selalu memberikan kesempatan ini kepadaku
sampai akhir kehidupanku nanti, doakan ya…, semoga aku bukan termasuk orang
yang menyia-nyiakan waktu yang telah diberikan Alloh kepadaku, amin<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: orange;"><b>“Terpujilah, wahai engkau , ibu bapak guru…,
namamu akan selalu hidup dalam sanubariku…, untaian lirik lagu Hymne guru
itu, selalu menginspirasiku untuk menjadi seorang pendidik. Akhirnya
panggilan jiwaku adalah seorang guru, guru biologi itulah pekerjaanku saat ini.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: orange;"><b>Menjadi seorang guru adalah pekerjaan yang sangat
menyenangkan, selalu berusaha mentransfer ilmu yang kumiliki (meski hanya
seadanya dan sebisanya), berusaha untuk memberikan pendidikan yang berkarakter
supaya peserta didik menjadi anak yang berakhlak mulia.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: orange;"><b>Semoga alloh selalu membimbing langkahku. …, dalam ketulusan
hati, maafkanlah kalau tulisan materi pelajaran ini masih
jauh dari sempurna, dan terimakasih pada para penulis yang tulisannya ada
tertuang disini , sebagai bahan literatur untuk meyempurnakan , akhir kata
.., semoga bermanfaat..<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: orange;"><b>Wassalamualaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: orange; font-size: large;"><b>Mutiara hati </b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: orange; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: orange;"><b>" Jika tidak
bisa membuat orang tersenyum,jangan membuat orang menangis, and jika tidak
mampu memberi manfaat untuk orang lain, jangan menghancurkan orang lain "<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: orange;"><b><br />
Tersenyumlah, meskipun kamu sedang di uji, disakiti, dilukai,
dikhianati,dibebani, dan dilupakan<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: orange;"><b>Bersabar dan
bersyukurlah kepada Allah, semoga Allah memberikan kekuatan dalam menghadapi
semua cobaan, dan menjadikan senyuman sebagai penawar duka, amiiin<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmojM3uAeXG4YCp1KPLyfhkqBJQOHJV5NQ83RFr3t3LuGHwZWA_JP7rY1yZPBQ0R9eM9b8MbItI9v3hmi9TLMIWn0pEiJHRtI5odvKmWRXY-yPqm5t6tE30aAuJQC4b_51Xdx1yR05ZBWT/s1600/2013.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmojM3uAeXG4YCp1KPLyfhkqBJQOHJV5NQ83RFr3t3LuGHwZWA_JP7rY1yZPBQ0R9eM9b8MbItI9v3hmi9TLMIWn0pEiJHRtI5odvKmWRXY-yPqm5t6tE30aAuJQC4b_51Xdx1yR05ZBWT/s1600/2013.jpg" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: orange;"><b>KELUARGA Q DAMBAAN Q<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: orange;"><b>Keluarga sakinah, mawahdah, warohmah, adalah dambaan setiap
insan, begitu juga q,alhamdulillah q dikaruniai Allah keluarga itu, suami yang
sholeh dan enam orang putra dan putri telah hadir dalam kehidupan q,
sungguh suatu anugerah yang luar biasa , th 1999 awal q memulai hidup baru,th
2000 lahirlah putra pertama q, bernama IRSYAD FADHAL, th 2002 lahir putri kedua
bernama LUTHFIA ANANDA, th 2004 lahir putri ketiga
bernama NISRINA AULIA, th 2006 lahir putra keempat bernama
MUHAMMAD FIKRI FADHIL, th 2010 lahir putri kelima bernama AMIRA
KHAIRUNISA, dan th 2012 insya allah putra bungsu, putra ke enam bernama
MUHAMMAD ASADEL AMIR, terimakasih ya Alloh, semoga kau
berikan kepada kami berdua kemudahan dalam merawat, membimbing
,mendidik dan membesarkan buah hati kami, untuk mencapai masa
depannya sehingga menjadi anak-anak yang sholeh, cerdas, dan menjadi generasi
bintang sebagai bukti kebesaran-Mu, aminnn…… ya robbal alamin<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>Ikutan pawai di atas kelotok, dalam rangka HUT Kobar-ke 54, 6 oktober 2013</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>9 Agustus 2013/2 syawal 1443 Hijriyah</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;">8 Agustus 2013/1 syawal 1443 H</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>April 2013</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>Putra ke 6 : MUHAMMAD ASADEL AMIR, lahir 16 April 2012, kini satu tahun sudah usiamu nak, Happy birthday, moga jadi anak yang soleh dan cerdas ya, amiiiin (dok. 16 April 2013)</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>Putri ke-5, AMIRA KHAIRUNISA ,lahir 29 juni 2010</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>Putra ke 4 . MUHAMMAD FIKRI FADHIL, LAHIR 26 Septemberr 2005</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>Putri ke 3 : NISRINA AULIA, lahir : 18 Juli 2004</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>Putri ke 2 : LUTHFIA ANANDA, LAHIR : 12 November 2002</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>Putra pertama : IRSYAD FADHAL, lahir Pangkalan Bun, 11 April 2000</b></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><b style="background-color: black;">1 januari 2013 </b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><b style="background-color: black;">Demi masa, sesungguhnya manusia itu benar-benar berada dalam kerugian, kecuali orang-orang yang beriman dan mengerjakan amal sholeh, saling menasehati dalam kebenaran dan kesabaran. (Q-Al'asr). </b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><b style="background-color: black;">Ya Allah terimakasih atas kesempatan dan nikmat yang telah Engkau berikan pada kami, semoga kami selalu diberikan petunjuk untuk tidak menyia-nyiakan waktu dalam menjalani kehidupan ini, amiiiin.....</b></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-weight: 800; line-height: 18px;">Album kenangan q dan keluarga q</span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1990, the big family of biology class A2, SMANSA P.Bun</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">nostalgia SMA kita..., indah lucu banyak cerita, masa remaja ceria,
masa paling</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"> indah....tak kan hilang begitu saja, walau kini kita
berdua...menyusuri cinta..</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">...</span></b></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;">Subhanalllah...., inilah saat-saat terindah ketika seorang ibu untuk pertama kalinya berjuang dan berhasil melahirkan putra-putrinya, pokoknya setelah berjuang hingga tetes keringat penghabis-habisan, akhirnya ...bahagia yang tak bisa diucapkan dengan kata-kata...</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08950246837416435211noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6365873963433022204.post-37691844323087223512012-11-02T08:37:00.003-07:002013-10-01T10:22:41.458-07:00SEKOLAHKU SMANDA PANGKALAN BUN<b><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">SEKOLAHKU </span></b><br />
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">SMAN 2 PANGKALAN BUN, Jl Pasanah No 15 kelurahan Sidorejo Pangkalan
Bun, kabupaten Kotawaringin Barat- Kalimantan Tengah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">SMAN 2 (SMANDA) PANGKALAN BUN, terletak di kabupaten Kotawaringin
Barat, Propinsi Kalimantan tengah, tepatnya di Jl Pasanah No 15 kelurahan
Sidorejo Pangkalan Bun. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Di sanalah tempat kami bertugas, berkumpul, bekerjasama, berbagi
dalam suka dan duka, suatu tempat yang sangat menyenangkan, apalagi kalau sudah
berbaur dengan siswa-siswi kami, liat
anak-anak yang cerdas' lucu and ceria …,q…jadi teringat ketika masa
–masa remaja dulu, jadi awet muda lho, he…he…..........</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">buat siswa-siswi smanda... semngattt ya…!!,insyaalloh kami akan selalu berikan yang terbaik untuk mu… nak, amin</span></b><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">Pesan bu guru, buat siswa-siswi q</span></b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">Inilah masa-masa terindah dalam hidup kalian, masa SMA, masa remaja yang penuh dengan keceriaan, indah, lucu, banyak cerita, berkumpul, belajar, bermain di sekolah kesayangan kita SMANDA Pangkalan Bun.</span></b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">Ibu yakin dari sini akan lahir generasi penerus bangsa yang akan berkiprah membengun negeri ini, kususnya di kota manis tercinta Pangkalan Bun.</span></b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">Siswaku, </span></b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">Isilah hari-hari terindah kalian dengan berbagai kegiatan positif, taat pada Allah, patuh pada orang tua dan guru, belajar yang rajin, dan.... ingat....,jauhilah hal-hal yang akan menghancurkan masa depan kalian , seperti narkoba dan pergaulan sex bebas.</span></b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">Siswaku yang ibu sayangi,</span></b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">Songsonglah hari esok yang cerah dengan do'a, senyum dan harapan terbaik, berjuanglah untuk menggapai cita-citamu, insyaallah Tuhan pasti akan meridhoi setiap langkah kebaikanmu, amin</span></b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"> Inilah siswa-siswi terbaik kami, semangattt ya nak !!!</span></b></span><br />
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The big family of class XI IPA 3, yes !!</div>
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XF, semangat donk !!</div>
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Nach, kalo ini narsisnya anak XC Smanda 2013</div>
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kekompakan anak XI IPA4</div>
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Action Bu guru Smanda, jalan sehat 8 km lho!!</div>
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Senyum anak-anak smanda, kamis 22082013</div>
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Selasa, 18 Juni 2013,</div>
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Rileks yuk..., sambil nyaksiin siswa-siswi smanda lg action di fashion show, dlm rangka class meeting in my scool, OSIS SMANDA Pangkalan Bun, keren lho,</div>
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Juni, 2013,</div>
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Kreatifitas siswi Smanda kelas XF, yang memanfaatkan bahan kertas buangan (sampah), buat media pembelajaran Biologi, bagus lho karyanya, dan yang penting bisa ikut mendaur ulang sampah buat ngurangin pencemaran donk!</div>
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Kamis, 2 Mei 2013</div>
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Upacara peringatan hari pendidikan Nasional, 2 Mei 2013 di Pangkalan Bun, dengan tema "Tingkatkan Kwalitas dan Akses Keadilan", satu harapan mudah-mudahan pendidikan di negeri ini semakin baik, dan keadilan dirasakan oleh para pendidik yang juga memiliki rasa keadilan, teriring do'a, semoga Allah menyelamatkan Generasi dan anak-anak bangsa dari kehancuran moral, amiiiin.</div>
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Pangkalan Bun, 27 April 2013</div>
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Hari ini.... , ada senyum bahagia,</div>
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Hari ini....., ada tangisan duka,</div>
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Saat-saat yang indah, di SMA...</div>
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Tak kan terlupakan, untuk selamanya....</div>
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Perpisahan ini..., sungguh berkesan dan penuh arti</div>
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Tiga tahun di bangku SMA, serasa bagaikan mimpi</div>
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Perpisahan ini...., selamanya kan jadi memori</div>
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Suka duka di bangku SMA, tak kan terlupakan...</div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"> <i>ibu ibu yang lg piket harian, dari kanan ke kiri Bu Candra, bu wahyuni, bu Isnaniah, Bu Erna, Bu </i></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><i>niken, Bu Yamni, Bu Ariel, Bu Muliasi, and Aku sendiri (bu Fitri)</i></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Siswa and siswiku , nich kenangan
buat kalian ketika ngamatin Jamur/ Fungi di Lab Bio Smanda P. Bun, setelah
selesai praktikum, gaya dulu ya, boleh aja dech, ntar kalau udah jadi peneliti
beneran jangan lupain ibu pembimbingnya ya, oke (bersama siswa kelas XD,
januari 2013)</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">" Wahai kaum guru semua. bangunkan rakyat dari g'lita, kita lah penyuluh bangsa, pembimbing melangkah ke muka, insyaflah kan kwajiban kita, mendidik mengajar para putra, kitalah pembanbgun jiwa, pencipta kekuatan negara,..................</span></b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">PGRI abadi.....25 November 2012, HUT PGRI ke-67, happy teacher day</span></b></span><br />
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"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitYSOwrIopzqM5LjeG73rfPrBNnxR0TXeb7wZJtUjQCHDrbg468ptjRbl3y8cRu6Msm3FAWKmJF7U0f2UE8moGQ60ytSYB27kWUlxcPy8qnqtCH0QFSeEl8EbawROMyGOO6yOB1MS_j8z3/s1600/DSC00167.JPG" -->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08950246837416435211noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6365873963433022204.post-59827873530915734402012-10-25T21:40:00.001-07:002015-05-23T08:05:27.386-07:00MONERA<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br /></span>
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<b><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 20.0pt;">MONERA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">(EUBAKTERIA DAN
ARCHAEBAKTERIA)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam
system klasifikasi 5 (lima ) kingdom (monera, Protista, fungi,
plantae,animalia) , yang dimaksud dengan
kingdom monera adalah : semua organisme
prokariotik (organisme yang tidak memiliki membran inti/karioteka). Perhatikan gambar perbedaan antara sel prokaryotik (sel bakteri) dan sel eukaryotik(sel tumbuhan), </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">di bawah ini :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghCavoOifso2eOhx9ogrZWdcg17Ji2pWywPu1B1UG4p8sUb8aEPne9pn6OwA7ArJgvSEx10huQkqM_rkfmfXoKYCwWuQi87vnb9LtAXsTAXea_XKelhcPE8U5otQCHayZPvfF1vjv4Mc_w/s1600/10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghCavoOifso2eOhx9ogrZWdcg17Ji2pWywPu1B1UG4p8sUb8aEPne9pn6OwA7ArJgvSEx10huQkqM_rkfmfXoKYCwWuQi87vnb9LtAXsTAXea_XKelhcPE8U5otQCHayZPvfF1vjv4Mc_w/s1600/10.jpg" width="174" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh965ZSOQ6Uo-Le4PuaNRbzrbLYMMeqt3h99P1R3i2hTr0EG8CnoPyYeM3CBjoKg21XQtv25yDzb7n5yB5aG8whmxP7qSMqIXw0ecPldKIvga1NclJo9i2Hrh041zyWceslbcssKSTlmUyY/s1600/11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh965ZSOQ6Uo-Le4PuaNRbzrbLYMMeqt3h99P1R3i2hTr0EG8CnoPyYeM3CBjoKg21XQtv25yDzb7n5yB5aG8whmxP7qSMqIXw0ecPldKIvga1NclJo9i2Hrh041zyWceslbcssKSTlmUyY/s1600/11.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #444444;"> </span> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><v:shape alt="Description: http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Images/animalcell.jpg" href="http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/animalcell.html" id="Picture_x0020_50" o:button="t" o:spid="_x0000_i1051" style="height: 92.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 106.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"><a href="http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/animalcell.html"> </a></v:shape></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam
perkembangannya, terdapat perbedaan pada
organisme prokariot tersebut, sehingga
organisme monera dipisahkan menjadi 2 (dua), yaitu Eubacteria dan
Archaebacteria.<span style="color: #444444;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pemisahan
berdasarkan pada : perbedaan struktur,
susunan,metabolisme ,urutan asam nuklead, dan kandungan peptidoglikan pada
dinding sel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Carl Woese merupakan orang yg pertama kali
mengusulkan system klasifikasi 6 kingdom, yaitu : Eubacteria ,archaebacteria,
Protista, Fungi,Plantae dan Animalia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">EUBAKTERIA DAN
ARCHAEBAKTERIA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ-Wyu9BTCNjLxn6wElkKM4S824xnUP3cLUFyAx_N3MuPzi4ChM8ZA3LhWF1TDL-5iacazHiTdSDbu2b3MqZMPq1L0E67dsQfugq8h0REND4QH9HbdBm3B3xhLQ1YBqAyfmtGfV4wCv8Gt/s1600/img053.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="110" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ-Wyu9BTCNjLxn6wElkKM4S824xnUP3cLUFyAx_N3MuPzi4ChM8ZA3LhWF1TDL-5iacazHiTdSDbu2b3MqZMPq1L0E67dsQfugq8h0REND4QH9HbdBm3B3xhLQ1YBqAyfmtGfV4wCv8Gt/s1600/img053.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Persamaan dan Perbedaan antara Eubakteria dan
Archaebakteria<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Karakteristik</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Arkhaebakteria</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Eubakteri</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Inti sel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tidak terbungkus membran inti dan tidak memiliki nucleolus
(prokaryotik)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 2.25in;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tidak terbungkus membran inti dan tidak memiliki nukleolus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dinding sel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 2.25in;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bervariasi,<b>tidak mengandung
peptidoglikan tanpa asam muramat</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 2.25in;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mengandung </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">peptidoglikan
yang terdiri atas asam muramat<span style="color: #444444;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 135.0pt;" valign="top" width="180"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Lipid pada membran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 2.25in;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Memiliki ikatan ester, asam lemak dengan rantai lurus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 2.25in;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Memiliki ikatan eter, rantai alifatik bercabang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 135.0pt;" valign="top" width="180"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Respon terhadap antibiotik (kloramfenikol dan kanamicin)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 2.25in;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tidak sensitif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 2.25in;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sensitif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 4.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 4.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <b>Eubacteria (Bakteri Sejati)<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Eubacteria
= Eu (sejati) dan bacteri (bakteri).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bakteri
(yunani : bakterion = batang kecil).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pertama
kali ditemukan oleh : Anthony van Leeuwenhoek .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dikaji
dalam cabang ilmu : Bakteriologi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bakteri merupakan organisme : prokaryotik
(tidak memiliki membran inti), uniseluler, memiliki dinding sel, umumnya tidak berklorofil,
bebas ,parasit, soliter , koloni, dan kosmopolitan paling banyak jumlahnya dan
tersebar luas hampir di semua tempat. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Berikut
akan dibahas tentang Ciri sel bakteri (ukuran, bentuk, struktur dan fungsi),
cara hidup, reproduksi, habitat, klasifikasi dan peranan bakteri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A. Ciri bakteri<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Ukuran bervariasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
mulai dari 0,12 mikron- 200 mikron dan rata-rata 1-5 mikron . (1mikron =
1/1000mm).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Bentuk sel bakteri
:</span></b></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><a href="http://sandrolubis.wordpress.com/2008/04/29/sistem-klasifikasi-kingdom/reino-monera/"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
<v:shape alt="Description: http://sandrolubis.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/reino-monera.jpg?w=497" href="http://sandrolubis.wordpress.com/2008/04/29/sistem-klasifikasi-kingdom/reino-monera/" id="Picture_x0020_39" o:button="t" o:spid="_x0000_i1048" style="height: 66.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 336pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t">
<v:imagedata o:title="reino-monera" src="file:///C:\Users\AMIRHA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:fill></v:shape></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
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<div style="text-indent: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Bentuk dasar bakteri
terdiri atas : bentuk </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><b>bulat (kokus),
batang (basil), spiral (spirilia) ,kokobasil
</b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">(antara</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><b> </b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">kokus dan basil), dan </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><b>filament.</b></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
1). Bakteri Kokus (bulat)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOFQxLBZF018le4LRIu5xSuLHmDtevbadCuF9DH_XaSWc8xnlcrV6OrOeDJL08WTKHmqN5yjP-Q_huW5b1Rr0bJX-w6Hy9tUaWyQTRucaG3J3iuQrSXvokPT7n_ntwQK-aAKPZ2w9BGVYP/s1600/images+%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOFQxLBZF018le4LRIu5xSuLHmDtevbadCuF9DH_XaSWc8xnlcrV6OrOeDJL08WTKHmqN5yjP-Q_huW5b1Rr0bJX-w6Hy9tUaWyQTRucaG3J3iuQrSXvokPT7n_ntwQK-aAKPZ2w9BGVYP/s1600/images+%25282%2529.jpg" width="195" /></a></div>
</div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Bakteri kokus terdiri dari:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 13.5pt .5in 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Monokokus yaitu berupa
sel bakteri kokus tunggal misal Monococcus gonorhoe penyebab penyakit kencing
nanah.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 13.5pt .5in 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diplokokus yaitu dua sel
bakteri kokus berdempetan misal Diplococcus pneumoniae penyebab penyakit pneumonia
(radang, paru-paru).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 13.5pt .5in 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tetrakokus yaitu empat
sel bakteri kokus berdempetan berbentuk segi segi empat<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 13.5pt .5in 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sarkina yaitu delapan
sel bakteri kokus berdempetan membentuk kubus misal Sarcina luten , <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 13.5pt .5in 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Streptokokus yaitu lebih
dari empat sel bakteri kokus berdempetan membentuk rantai.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 49.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a). Streptococcus lactis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 49.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b). Streptococcus
pyogenes penyebab sakit tenggorokan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c). Streptococcus
thermophilis untuk pembuatan yoghurt (susu asam)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 13.5pt .5in 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stapilokokus yaitu lebih
dari empat sel bakteri kokus berdempetan seperti buah anggur misal Stafilokokus
aureus, penyebab penyakit radang paru-paru.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perhatikan gb. bentuk bakteri kokus :</span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSUumMa4IWNX4gYbBMtEdRa4WJAgMtc-WbLix1z6w7DtLLf-yOMeEYjtgdVrm1sYrIsMmFZawdThQ1OeM2POgPDV-CqU04H6qPz6VcSVQljp-ktZQ7pe749-xP_po7qfOpz1b6MSrqtHbU/s1600/kokus+(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="154" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSUumMa4IWNX4gYbBMtEdRa4WJAgMtc-WbLix1z6w7DtLLf-yOMeEYjtgdVrm1sYrIsMmFZawdThQ1OeM2POgPDV-CqU04H6qPz6VcSVQljp-ktZQ7pe749-xP_po7qfOpz1b6MSrqtHbU/s1600/kokus+(1).jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
2). Bakteri Basil (batang)<br />
</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgq9VP91jvsxJePzkg18XN5oYIBTYhUheo__0l8NQ_MFGEro9qN4fVnxV-TYlkpKw59jrRW2oNVJelmb3WHYMijKJWPCzsVq1AeNSZTAxe3_jYo-XMPlaUFwGO7qs7S1iS5V-V1utgR3yw/s1600/biox05_19.jpg"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><v:shape alt="Description: https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgq9VP91jvsxJePzkg18XN5oYIBTYhUheo__0l8NQ_MFGEro9qN4fVnxV-TYlkpKw59jrRW2oNVJelmb3WHYMijKJWPCzsVq1AeNSZTAxe3_jYo-XMPlaUFwGO7qs7S1iS5V-V1utgR3yw/s320/biox05_19.jpg" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgq9VP91jvsxJePzkg18XN5oYIBTYhUheo__0l8NQ_MFGEro9qN4fVnxV-TYlkpKw59jrRW2oNVJelmb3WHYMijKJWPCzsVq1AeNSZTAxe3_jYo-XMPlaUFwGO7qs7S1iS5V-V1utgR3yw/s1600/biox05_19.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_21" o:button="t" o:spid="_x0000_i1045" style="height: 94.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 236.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bakteri batang terdiri dari:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Monobasil yaitu berupa
sel bakteri basil tunggal<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a). Salmonella typhosa
penyebab penyakit tipus, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b). Escherichiacoli
bakteri yang terdapat pada usus besar manusia <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c). Lactobacillus
bulgaricus untuk fermentasi yakult <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diplobasil yaitu berupa
dua sel bakteri basil berdempetan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 13.5pt .5in 1.0in; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #444444;">c</span><span style="color: red;">.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Streptobasil yaitu
beberapa sel bakteri basil berdempetan membentuk rantai<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a). Bacillus anthracis
penyebab penyakit antraks, <span style="color: #444444;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b). Streptpbacillus moniliformis, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c). Azotobacter bakteri
pengikat nitrogen bebas dari udara.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3). Bakteri Spirilia
: </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVCEVtJ5uGYQJ4E9nisNSs3BhOMD99ANZ6gNRcWQqlif2Qwc4-eTGT6iHYcUpHObO47dj3T4AujOJzSHn9uQ6Hg287tyebGo3o4pRRpPxMvb3uKnZRxvJMQOQPTEsj3GnfTlzS9veF0u1o/s1600/download+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVCEVtJ5uGYQJ4E9nisNSs3BhOMD99ANZ6gNRcWQqlif2Qwc4-eTGT6iHYcUpHObO47dj3T4AujOJzSHn9uQ6Hg287tyebGo3o4pRRpPxMvb3uKnZRxvJMQOQPTEsj3GnfTlzS9veF0u1o/s1600/download+%25281%2529.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Spiral yaitu bentuk sel
bergelombang</span></span></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Spirillum dibedakan
menjadi<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a). bentuk spiral (berupa lengkung lebih dari
setengah lingkaran), misalnya, Spirillum minor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b). koma (berupa lengkung kurang dari setengah
lingkaran, pendek, dan tidak lengkap), misalnya, Vibrio comma menyebabkan
kolera<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c).</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: red;"> </span>spiroseta (berupa spiral yang halus dan
lentur), misalnya, Treponema pallidium / Spirochaeta palida penyebab penyakit
sifilis.<span style="color: #444444;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4). Bakteri kokobasil (antara kokus dan basil),
contoh Coxiella burneti (penyebab demam)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">5). Bakteri bentuk filamen adalah kelompok
Actinomycetes</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Strukur dan Fungsi sel bakteri<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><a href="http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/bacteriacell.html"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><v:shape alt="Description: http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Images/procaryotecell.jpg" href="http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/bacteriacell.html" id="Picture_x0020_12" o:button="t" o:spid="_x0000_i1041" style="height: 178.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 363pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Struktur bakteri terbagi menjadi dua yaitu:
struktur dasar dan struktur tambahan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #444444;">1)</span><span style="color: blue;">.<b> Struktur
dasar</b> (dimiliki oleh hampir semua jenis bakteri) Meliputi: <b>dinding sel, membran plasma, sitoplasma,
ribosom, DNA, dan granula penyimpanan<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dinding sel </span></b></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: blue;">: tersusun dari <b>peptidoglikan</b>
yaitu gabungan protein dan polisakarida. Berdasarkan peptidoglikan, bakteri terbagi menjadi <b>bakteri gram positif dan bakteri gram negative.</b> Bakteri gram piositif, memiliki peptidoglikan
tebal (60-100%), berwarna <b>ungu</b> jika
diberi pewarna gram. </span><span style="color: #444444;">Sedangkan </span><b style="color: #444444;">bakteri gram negatif</b><span style="color: #444444;"> , peptidoglikannya
tipis( 10-20%), berwarna merah </span><b style="color: #444444;">muda atau
merah</b><span style="color: #444444;"> jika diberi pewarna gram, umumnya patogen. </span><b style="color: #444444;">Fungsi</b><span style="color: #444444;"> </span><b style="color: #444444;">dinding sel</b><span style="color: #444444;"> sebagai pelindung sel, dan pemberi bentuk bakteri.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membran plasma </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah membran yang menyelubungi sitoplasma
tersusun atas lapisan fosfolipid dan protein, bersifat semipermeable/selektifpermeable
artinya : membran yang hanya dapat dilalui oleh zat tertentu yang diperlukan , <b>berfungsi </b>untuk mengatur keluar
masuknya zat ke dalam sel.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sitoplasma </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah cairan sel, <b>Fungsi</b>
sebagai tempat berlangsungnya reaksi metabolik.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ribosom</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah organel yang tersebar dalam sitoplasma, tersusun atas
protein dan RNA.<b>Fungsi</b> tempat
sintesis protein.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DNA(dioksiribonucleid
acid), adalah materi pembawa informasi genetic. Merupakan rantai tunggal
melingkar. Ada juga yg memiliki <b>plasmid </b>(DNA
melingkar yang lebih kecil), mengandung gen tertentu yg kebal terhadap
antibiotic dan patogen, dalam sel bakteri terbentuk 10-20 plasmid.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF7aAQB4MzYaHUbCNxLrEKeDz1Uu0c1tPcdQVf1PCDyyXn96KyYE1dfKswtFJ8cj48Jb60tG7_m5kppmqiaFmR3fgmz7yLEjHXMcjPV-dZSJaVWWphhmZn2XSdx67Jui231_y_pMOgZcUg/s1600/plasmid.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF7aAQB4MzYaHUbCNxLrEKeDz1Uu0c1tPcdQVf1PCDyyXn96KyYE1dfKswtFJ8cj48Jb60tG7_m5kppmqiaFmR3fgmz7yLEjHXMcjPV-dZSJaVWWphhmZn2XSdx67Jui231_y_pMOgZcUg/s1600/plasmid.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -15.75pt;">f.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><b style="color: #444444; text-indent: -15.75pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Granula penyimpanan</span></b><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -15.75pt;">, tempat menyimpan cadangan makanan yang
dibutuhkan</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mesosom</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> terbentuk dari membran sel yang tidak membentuk lipatan. Organel
ini <b>berfungsi </b>sebagai pengganti mitochondria,
yaitu menghasilkan energi .<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">).<b> Struktur
tambahan</b> (dimiliki oleh jenis bakteri tertentu) meliputi kapsul, flagelum,
pilus, fimbria, klorosom, Vakuola<b> </b>gas
dan endospora. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo7; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kapsul atau lapisan lendir</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah lapisan di luar dinding sel pada jenis
bakteri tertentu, bila <b>lapisannya tebal
disebut kapsul</b> dan bila lapisannya <b>tipis
disebut lapisan lendir</b>. Kapsul dan lapisan lendir tersusun atas
polisakarida dan air. Kapsul atau lapisan lendir merupakan bahan kental yang
mengelilingi dinding sel bakteri. <b>Kapsul
berfungsi</b> sebagai pelindung dari
kekeringan dan sebagai penyimpan cadangan makanan. Pada bakteri penyebab
penyakit, kapsul dapat berfungsi meningkat kan kemampuan bakteri dalam
menginfeksi inangnya atau meningkatkan daya virulensi dan untuk mempertahankan
diri dari antibodi sel inang.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Flagelum atau bulu cambuk</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah struktur berbentuk batang atau spiral
yang menonjol dari dinding sel. Berfungsi sebagai alat gerak. Flagel memiliki
jumlah dan letak yang berbeda, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4AzeCKxgT0Sw80AovXNGNECIIobpJlKm7k4zf_J_koRggnavEzeLZqPnStC6UrJJpayLlzPOEK0fKR5tyEfHt2RBnaVWN0ohPyrNmWyoTFUICS70obzlskbEpHkGfR0Zl_ZUVf2zHjnyg/s1600/f.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4AzeCKxgT0Sw80AovXNGNECIIobpJlKm7k4zf_J_koRggnavEzeLZqPnStC6UrJJpayLlzPOEK0fKR5tyEfHt2RBnaVWN0ohPyrNmWyoTFUICS70obzlskbEpHkGfR0Zl_ZUVf2zHjnyg/s1600/f.jpg" width="117" /></a></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a ). Monotrik : bila
flagel hanya berjumlah satu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b ). Lofotrik : bila
banyak flagellum disatu sisi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c ). Amfitrik : bila
satu atau banyak flagellum dikedua ujung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d ). Peritrik : bila
tersebar diseluruh permukaan sel bakteri <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e). Atrik : bakteri yang tidak punya flagel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk penghafalan : MoLoAmPer A(
Mono-Lopo-Ampi-Peri-Atrik) <br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk6wvo-RiKv_fah-QY0jJxxfR-cbmpZ2elRQSySd4FgWAt6Lyadb8U2kdsOQm4fNnsIYSrXnUVgESmw74l08dOAOVArZjbtiGfAXO2jvHrWCFeLTB5Zh1rqndyG_9EHn81eRPygqwTTofr/s1600/amphitrik+lopotrik.jpg"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><v:shape alt="Description: https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk6wvo-RiKv_fah-QY0jJxxfR-cbmpZ2elRQSySd4FgWAt6Lyadb8U2kdsOQm4fNnsIYSrXnUVgESmw74l08dOAOVArZjbtiGfAXO2jvHrWCFeLTB5Zh1rqndyG_9EHn81eRPygqwTTofr/s400/amphitrik+lopotrik.jpg" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk6wvo-RiKv_fah-QY0jJxxfR-cbmpZ2elRQSySd4FgWAt6Lyadb8U2kdsOQm4fNnsIYSrXnUVgESmw74l08dOAOVArZjbtiGfAXO2jvHrWCFeLTB5Zh1rqndyG_9EHn81eRPygqwTTofr/s1600/amphitrik+lopotrik.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_8" o:button="t" o:spid="_x0000_i1038" style="height: 100.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 133.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br /></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #444444;">c.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #444444;"> </span><span style="color: red;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pilus </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: blue;">adalah struktur berbentuk seperti rambut halus yang menonjol dari
dinding sel, pilus mirip dengan flagelum tetapi lebih pendek, kaku dan
berdiameter lebih kecil dan tersusun dari protein dan hanya terdapat </span><b><span style="color: blue;">pada bakteri gram negatif. Fung</span><span style="color: #444444;">si pili</span></b><span style="color: #444444;">
adalah sebagai pintu gerbang bagi masuknya materi genetik selama perkawinan dan
untuk membantu melekatkan diri pada sel inangnya<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fimbria </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah struktur sejenis pilus tetapi lebih pendek daripada pilus.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><b style="color: #444444; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Klorosom</span></b><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> adalah struktur yang berada tepat dibawah membran plasma dan mengandung pigmen klorofil dan pigmen lainnya untuk proses fotosintesis. klorosom hanya terdapat pada bakteri yang melakukan fotosintesis. </span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Vakuola
gas</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> terdapat pada bakteri
yang hidup di air dan berfotosintesis.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8l7rZGSJ7olmstO97DGZZEM10ptbjEFGh9uGa0NZSEU-0MXMXQrBl4aFS4tvuTYOSo8-TgC6PEXWxEb3d0Y7lO8TibUUWPa0MB0kV5S76fDswrmfXqHBVSPFnG5UR9DeND5lQd_t9H9P-/s1600/en.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="113" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8l7rZGSJ7olmstO97DGZZEM10ptbjEFGh9uGa0NZSEU-0MXMXQrBl4aFS4tvuTYOSo8-TgC6PEXWxEb3d0Y7lO8TibUUWPa0MB0kV5S76fDswrmfXqHBVSPFnG5UR9DeND5lQd_t9H9P-/s1600/en.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #444444;">g.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #444444;"> </span>
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Endospora </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">adalah bentuk istirahat (dormansi) dari beberapa jenis bakteri
gram positif dan terbentuk didalam sel bakteri jika kondisi tidak menguntungkan
bagi kehidupan bakteri. Endospora mengandung sedikit sitoplasma, materi
genetik, dan ribosom. Dinding endospora yang tebal tersusun atas protein dan
menyebabkan endospora tahan terhadap kekeringan, radiasi cahaya, suhu tinggi
dan zat kimia. Jika kondisi lingkungan menguntungkan endospora akan tumbuh
menjadi sel bakteri baru.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara Hidup<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; tab-stops: .75in 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bakteri dikelompokan
berdasarkan cara memperoleh makanan dan
kebutuhannya akan oksigen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan cara memperoleh makanan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, bakteri dibedakan menjadi bakteri heterotrop
dan autotrop.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbjbuYrF_wH-JyspLfR49pk9nrc_J2HD5h-TMUgd0tQ-1C8V7oeYOUAvx58t-szPsvbbJAKBfSw5ykHOwl-SbtJnizzREZHpKLnJFSqx-bUiMrGVDVTIhk2G69hyphenhyphen14bCaynYwH4S_eZZuN/s1600/cara+hidup.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbjbuYrF_wH-JyspLfR49pk9nrc_J2HD5h-TMUgd0tQ-1C8V7oeYOUAvx58t-szPsvbbJAKBfSw5ykHOwl-SbtJnizzREZHpKLnJFSqx-bUiMrGVDVTIhk2G69hyphenhyphen14bCaynYwH4S_eZZuN/s1600/cara+hidup.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a). Bakteri heterotrop
adalah bakteri yang tidak dapat menyintesis zat makanannya sendiri. Jadi,
makanannya bergantung kepada organisme lain. Terbagi menjadi dua yaitu
bakteri saprofit dan parasit.</span><span style="color: #f6f1f1; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bakteri saprofit adalah :Bakteri yang
makanannya diperoleh dari sisa organisme (sampah, daun gugur, kotoran
hewan) atau produk organisme (susu, daging). Merupakan salah satu organisme
pengurai di alam. Contoh : Lactobacillus burgaricus (bakteri untuk pembuatan
yogurt), mycobacterium (pengurai sampah), </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Escherichia coli yang hidup
pada usus besar, yang membantu membusukkan sisa makanan dan juga membantu
pembentukan vitamin K yang penting untuk pembekuan darah. </span><span style="color: #f6f1f1; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #444444;">Bakteri parasit
: bakteri yang makanannya diperoleh langsung dari
organisme lain atau inangnya yaitu manusia, hewan dan tumbuhan. </span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="background-color: white;">Jik</span><span style="background-color: white;">a
menimbulkan penyakit disebut bakteri patogen, contoh : Treponema pallidium
penyebab sifilis, Mycobakterium tuberculosis.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: red;">.</span></span><span style="text-indent: -22.5pt;">b).</span><b style="text-indent: -22.5pt;"> </b><span style="text-indent: -22.5pt;">Bakteri autotrof adalah bakteri yang dapat
menyusun zat makanannya sendiri. Untuk menyusun zat makanan tersebut, bakteri
memerlukan energi.</span><b style="text-indent: -22.5pt;"> </b><span style="text-indent: -22.5pt;">Bakteri autotrof dapat dibedakan menjadi dua,
yaitu fotoautotrof dan kemoautotrof.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bakteri fotoautotrof adalah bakteri yang dapat
menyintesis zat makanannya sendiri dengan meng-gunakan energi cahaya matahari.
Contoh kelompok bakteri ungu (bakteriopurpurin) dan bakteri hijau
(bakterioklorofil).</span><span style="color: #f6f1f1; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bakteri kemoautotrof adalah bakteri yang
dapat mensintesis zat makanannya sendiri dengan menggunakan energi kimia.
Contoh bakteri kemoautotrof antara lain bakteri besi, bakteri belerang,
dan <i>Nitrosomonas, Nitrosococcus, Nitrobacter</i>, ketiga bakteri ini
berperan dalam proses nitrifikasi.</span><span style="color: #f6f1f1; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nitrifikasi adalah </span></b><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oksidasi amoniak menjadi nitrit dan oksidasi
nitrit berlangsung di dalam lingkungan yang aerob.</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tahap pertama yaitu
pengoksidasian amoniak menjadi nitrit dilakukan oleh Nitrosomona, Nitrosococcus
</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dan beberapa spesies lainya, sedang pengoksidasian nitrit menjadi nitrat
dilakukan oleh Nitrobacter.</span><span style="color: #f6f1f1; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><b>b.</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">Berdasarkan
kebutuhan oksigen untuk merombak makanannya agar menghasilkan energi, </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">bakteri
dibedakan menjadi bakteri airob dan anairob.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #444444;">a.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">Bakteri airob</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bakteri
aerob adalah bakteri yang dalam hidupnya memerlukan oksigen bebas untuk memecah
zat pada mediumnya. Bakteri yang bersifat aerob senang hidup pada lingkungan
lembab dan cukup udara. Contoh bakteri aerob antara lain bakteri penyebab
penyakit TBC (<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>)
,<i>Nitrosomonas,</i> <i>Nitrosococcus,</i>dan<i> Nitrobacter.</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><strong><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></strong><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bakteri anaerob <o:p></o:p></span></strong></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">adalah
bakteri yang dalam hidupnya atau dalam memecah zat tidak memerlukan oksigen
bebas. Untuk memecah zat makanan pada mediumnya, bakteri mengeluarkan zat jenis
fermen tertentu. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Energi
yang diperoleh dari proses perombakan senyawa organik tanpa menggunakan oksigen
disebut fermentasi. Bakteri anairob terbagi menjadi bakteri anairob obligat dan
bakteri anairob fakultatif.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #444444;">a)</span><span style="color: red;">. </span>Bakteri
anairob obligat, hanya dapat hidup jika tidak ada oksigen. Oksigen merupakan
racun bagi bakteri ini. Contoh : <i>Clostridium
tetani</i> adalah bakteri penyebab penyakit tetanus,<i> clostridium botulinum</i> terdapat pada makanan kaleng yang sudah kadaluarsa, yang menghasilkan racun yang berbahaya bagi manusia, dan dapat menyebabkan kematian.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">b). Bakteri anairob fakultatif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bakteri
ini , dapat hidup ada atau tidak ada oksigen.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Contoh <i>Escherichia
coli</i> dan <i>lactobacilus</i></span><strong><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br /></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Reproduksi
Bakteri<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">Bakteri melakukan reproduksi dengan dua cara yaitu reproduksi aseksual
dan seksual.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level5 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reproduksi aseksual (vegetatif = tak kawin)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dengan membelah diri. Pembelahan sel pada
bakteri adalah pembelahan biner yaitu setiap sel pembelah menjadi dua. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">artinya pembelahan terjadi secara langsung, dari
satu sel membelah menjadi dua sel anakan. Masing-masing sel anakan akan
membentuk dua sel anakan lagi, demikian seterusnya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Proses
pembelahan biner diawali dengan proses replikasi DNA menjadi dua kopi DNA
identik, diikuti pembelahan sitoplasma dan akhirnya terbentuk dinding pemisah
di antara kedua sel anak bakteri. Perhatikan gambar skema pembelahan biner sel
bakteri dibawah!</span><br />
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span>
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMgDrAPddabkY2uemuJs3fAmAGsYbuYR6rTwTAmz7gAN3HKQmDWYjgcCatDeMzXUVIUbuSOdW7P81LfmhZz5uv6OyfdumvA-lB6am0bgrc0cWIUAiUuULPgfAbJER7kK8EwciajJMh0hLG/s1600/pembelahan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMgDrAPddabkY2uemuJs3fAmAGsYbuYR6rTwTAmz7gAN3HKQmDWYjgcCatDeMzXUVIUbuSOdW7P81LfmhZz5uv6OyfdumvA-lB6am0bgrc0cWIUAiUuULPgfAbJER7kK8EwciajJMh0hLG/s1600/pembelahan.jpg" width="169" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="Description: https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3ylyxYUDWex8eXCf0bzmsPNFIuoRjn9M4OYW_N_UceULmjf2KTiViGkykFL-adWjuYZ_0lzw8_wtCp6NwvK3ch90EP19uhJyq91Ar2Pdxf6Bnf6tRsyU9NgyiO5FmhZhBBibxG61eRI4/s320/biner_bakteri.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_14" o:spid="_x0000_i1036" style="height: 117.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 240.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reproduksi bakteri secara seksual</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> yaitu dengan pertukaran materi genetik dengan
bakteri lainnya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
Pertukaran materi genetik disebut rekombinasi genetik atau rekombinasi DNA.
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><span style="color: #444444;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rekombinasi genetik
dapat dilakukan dengan tiga cara yaitu: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a). Transformasi adalah pemindahan sedikit
materi genetik, bahkan satu gen saja dari satu sel bakteri ke sel bakteri yang
lainnya, atau masuknya DNA telanjang ke dalam sel bakteri dan mengubah sifat
sel bakteri. Terjadi pada bakteri <i>Streptoccocus
pneumonia, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, bacillus, Rhizobium.</i><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5X2x9uLHN9MVk84kYgmLByp7MOwUlLBHkVjYaOw6oYFH3DtvvGgm7yBEw2pX5FTnMlhWUjp1NUk4uQGA6-E2O4CNqBDffkGDEN1HONf-6NUXlZ_RrOtJtDdyVsK0D4vUvKWKNzdnliNhi/s1600/transformasi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-indent: -0.25in;"><img border="0" height="114" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5X2x9uLHN9MVk84kYgmLByp7MOwUlLBHkVjYaOw6oYFH3DtvvGgm7yBEw2pX5FTnMlhWUjp1NUk4uQGA6-E2O4CNqBDffkGDEN1HONf-6NUXlZ_RrOtJtDdyVsK0D4vUvKWKNzdnliNhi/s1600/transformasi.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">b).</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> Transduksi</span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">adalah
pemindahan materi genetik satu sel bakteri ke sel bakteri lainnnya dengan
perantaraan organisme yang lain yaitu bakteriofage (virus bakteri)</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c). Konjugasi adalah pemindahan materi genetik
berupa plasmid secara langsung melalui kontak sel dengan membentuk struktur
seperti jembatan diantara dua sel bakteri yang berdekatan. Umumnya terjadi pada
bakteri gram negatif.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVGMhN6lgxrc_9RXm1RbRn3qTXJlU0ou6QEk3vRc_GtBcGsqJ7ZZM5KB85SXkBZALz1IpBEaQl99u0_t04w1iudxcqOtzyaiBDUIINNSSQFdSeiZmn-1wUv2l6x7puTZigsy8MopOsQjdj/s1600/konjugasi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVGMhN6lgxrc_9RXm1RbRn3qTXJlU0ou6QEk3vRc_GtBcGsqJ7ZZM5KB85SXkBZALz1IpBEaQl99u0_t04w1iudxcqOtzyaiBDUIINNSSQFdSeiZmn-1wUv2l6x7puTZigsy8MopOsQjdj/s1600/konjugasi.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 166.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Habitat<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bakteri hidup dimana-mana (kosmolitan): di air,
tanah, udara, sisa makhluk hidup, dalam tubuh organisme, dengan kondisi
lingkungan lembab atau agak basah dengan suhu 25-30<sup>0</sup>C, yang
merupakan suhu optimal untuk bakteri.<s><o:p></o:p></s></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 0in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 166.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo7; tab-stops: 0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">Klasifikasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Eubacteria dikelompokan menjadi 5 filum, yaitu <i>Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria,Spirochetes,Chlamydias
dan bakteri gram-positif.<span style="color: #444444;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -9.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level5 lfo7; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proteobacteria</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, merupakan kelompok terbesar, dikelompokan menjadi bakteri ungu
yang bersifat fotoautotrof, kemoautotrof.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -9.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Protobacteria fotoautotrof, merupakan bakteri ungu yang mengandung
klorofil, ada yang berflagel,umumnya anairob obligat, hidup di endapan
kolam,danau atau lumpur, contoh <i>chromatium.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -9.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: -9.0pt;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Protobakteria kemoautotrof, hidup bebas atau bersimbiosis,
contohnya Rhizobium yang bersimbiosis
dengan tanaman akar kacang untuk
mengikat nitrogen bebas dari udara. <i>Escherichia
coli dan salmonella</i> hidup dalam saluran pencernaan manusia dan hewan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: -9.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level5 lfo7; tab-stops: -4.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cyanobacteri</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #444444;">a (ganggang hijau biru/ganggang lendir), tidak
memiliki alat gerak dan berfotosintesis
yang menghasilkan O</span><sup style="color: #444444;">2</sup><span style="color: #444444;">, memiliki vakuola gas, Contoh </span><i style="color: #444444;">Occillatoria
rubescens (Cyanobacteria</i><span style="color: #444444;"> merah yang memberi warna pada laut merah), </span><i style="color: #444444;">Anabaina </i><span style="color: #444444;"> yang membuat air sawah tampak kehijauan . </span><i style="color: #444444;">Anabaina</i><span style="color: #444444;"> memiliki tiga macam sel yaitu
heterokista (sel berdinding tebal untuk mengikat nitrogen),</span> akinet (sel
berdinding tebal untuk melindungi /pertahanan diri), baesit (sel bulat kecil hasil
reproduksi).<i style="color: #444444;"><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcYlVLV4VucoitCx6OJCMjf4b5JpsPwcOp5U8swRuv5W9s2spLlLE3bTIJem9SMvcG_WG6nI7_Nv_YduEZsZx-27kCLrQhYFZX2qVYnNiORX1nkjcWw9A1Xk5grCldfH4OqWm-frg4FRvh/s1600/ana.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcYlVLV4VucoitCx6OJCMjf4b5JpsPwcOp5U8swRuv5W9s2spLlLE3bTIJem9SMvcG_WG6nI7_Nv_YduEZsZx-27kCLrQhYFZX2qVYnNiORX1nkjcWw9A1Xk5grCldfH4OqWm-frg4FRvh/s1600/ana.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<b><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Crafty Girls","serif";"> g<i>b. Anabaina<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -9.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level5 lfo7; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Spirochetes</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, merupakan bakteri bentuk spiral, merupakan bakteri gam
negatif , memiliki struktur filamen aksial , yang berfungsi membuat gerakan
berputar, contoh <i>Triponema pallidum, </i>(penyebab sifilis)<i> leptospira interrogans</i> (penyebab leptospirosis)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><a href="http://enfo.agt.bme.hu/drupal/sites/default/files/sifilis.jpg" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><v:shape alt="Description: http://zdrav.tomsk.ru/Pacient/profilaktika/01/15.html" href="http://enfo.agt.bme.hu/drupal/sites/default/files/sifilis.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_35" o:button="t" o:spid="_x0000_i1030" style="height: 99pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 139.5pt;" target=""_blank"" type="#_x0000_t75">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0nUyW93lAqZzTnGAGu0ulUlJnwoxxuZ1DoWzpsWvcHt-atf4zWhGl0z9zyC_sdk-_pMrCAbyyBdOsGEqHYi6OLPtv7tHrDj2bRQ3NY12Vbbq6zoNFinrmvsrL2oaGUDBS2j8xXsXPegfp/s1600/triponema.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0nUyW93lAqZzTnGAGu0ulUlJnwoxxuZ1DoWzpsWvcHt-atf4zWhGl0z9zyC_sdk-_pMrCAbyyBdOsGEqHYi6OLPtv7tHrDj2bRQ3NY12Vbbq6zoNFinrmvsrL2oaGUDBS2j8xXsXPegfp/s1600/triponema.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><i><br /></i></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><i>gb. Triponema pallidum</i></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i style="color: #444444; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal;">
</span></span></i><i style="color: #444444; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chlamydias</span></i><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">, bakteri yang
memiliki ukuran paling kecil, hidup parasit, memiliki dua bentuk sel (badan
dasar/<i>elementary body</i> dan badan
inisial/<i>initial body</i>). Contoh <i>Chlamydia psittaci </i>.</span></div>
</div>
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<b style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -9.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level5 lfo7; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bakteri gram positif,</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dapat membentuk endospora,
untuk bertahan dalam lingkungan yang ekstrim, seperti suhu panas, suhu rendah,
kekeringan, radiasi cahaya, zat kimia. Sel induk pecah endospora dikeluarkan.
Jika lingkungan membaik endospore menjadi aktif, <i><o:p></o:p></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh : <i>Bacillus dan Clostridium</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="Description: http://images.tutorvista.com/content/reproduction/endospore-formation.jpeg" id="Picture_x0020_44" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" style="height: 81.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 279pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="endospore-formation" src="file:///C:\Users\AMIRHA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peranan
Bakteri Dalam Kehidupan Manusia<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">Bakteri ada yang berperan menguntungkan dan ada yang merugikan.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peran bakteri yang
menguntungkan adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membusukan (pengurai) sisa-sisa makhluk hidup, misalnya <i>Escherichia coli<o:p></o:p></i></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penghasil antibiotik,
contoh :<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> menghasilkan antibiotik penisilin, <i>Streptomyces griseus</i> menhasilkan antibiotik streptomycin, <i>Streptoomycin aureofaciens</i> menghasilkan antibiotik tetracycline.</span></span></div>
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<div style="text-indent: -54px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span style="background-color: #999999; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: #999999;"> Pembuatan makanan dan minuman hasil fermentasi</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Beberapa makanan hasil fermentasi dan
mikroorganisme yang berperan adalah : </span><i style="color: #444444;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Lactobacillus bulgaricus</span></i><i style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> dan </span></i><i style="color: #444444;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Streptococcus thermophiles</span></i><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> untuk pembuatan
yoghurt,</span><i style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></i><i style="color: #444444;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Streptococcus lactis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #444444;"> untuk membuat mentega </span><span style="color: red;">,</span><i> lactobacillus casei </i>untuk membuat keju</span><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Lactobacillus sp</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">untuk membuat terasi dan asinan buah-buahan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br /></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="color: #444444;">§</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #444444;"> </span>
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Penyubur tanah : </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">bakteri <i>Rhizobium
leguminosarum</i></span><span style="font-family: "Schoolbell","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Memiliki kemampuan sebagai penyedia hara bagi tanaman. Bila
bersimbiosis dengan tanaman legum (polong-polongan), bakteri ini akan menginfeksi akar tanaman
dan membentuk bintil akar. Akar tanaman tersebut menyediakan karbohidrat dan
senyawa lain bagi bakteri melalui kemampuannya mengikat nitrogen. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika ba</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">kteri
dipisahkan dari inangnya (akar), maka tidak dapat mengikat nitrogen sama sekali
atau hanya dapat mengikat nitrogen sedikit sekali. Bintil akar melepaskan
senyawa nitrogen organik ke dalam tanah tempat tanaman polong hidup. sehungga
terjadi penambahan nitrogen yang dapat menambah kesuburan tanah.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgshFpGHNQXF85p_gLoUkZZInB76kVFtkPT4rUgGNzcgjW43zjmcfq6Q4QU0HfjALDPuaxPG8LDJQDnv7IhmDXNtJfVQ4USAX6zfjZUgOwYHKjkVRALOZIp_2Ye9ieOYNirUOsXPEGKTy-D/s1600/akar+kacang.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="135" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgshFpGHNQXF85p_gLoUkZZInB76kVFtkPT4rUgGNzcgjW43zjmcfq6Q4QU0HfjALDPuaxPG8LDJQDnv7IhmDXNtJfVQ4USAX6zfjZUgOwYHKjkVRALOZIp_2Ye9ieOYNirUOsXPEGKTy-D/s1600/akar+kacang.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">gb. simbiosis antara akar kacang dengan bakteri <i>rhizobium<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 17.25pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: #999999;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.25pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">b.</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 17.25pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.25pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Peranan bakteri yang merugikan, dapat menimbulkan penyakit.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #999999;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">§</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bakteri penyebab penyakit pada manusia:</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">1. Salmonella typhosa = Tifus</span><br />
<span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">2. Shigella dysenteriae = Disentri basiler</span><br />
<span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">3. Vibrio comma = Kolera</span><br />
<span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">4. Haemophilus influenza = Influensah</span><br />
<span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">5. Diplococcus pneumoniae = Pneumonia</span><br />
<span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">6. Mycobacterium tuberculosis = TBC paru-paru</span><br />
<span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">7. Clostridium tetani = Tetanus</span><br />
<span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">8. Neiseria meningitis = Meningitis (radang
selaput otak)</span><br />
<span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">9. Neiseria gonorrhoeae = Gonorrhaeae (kencing nanah)</span><br />
<span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">10. Treponema pallidum = Sifilis atau Lues atau
raja </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">singa<br />
</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">11. Mycobacterium leprae = Lepra (kusta)</span><br />
<span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">12. Treponema pertenue = Puru atau patek</span><br />
<span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">13. Corinebacterium diphteriae = Dipteri</span><br />
<span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">14. Pasteurella pestis = Pes</span><b> </b><br />
<span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">15. Staphylococcus = Bisul</span></span><span style="color: #f6f1f1; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #999999;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">16. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #999999;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">§</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bakteri penyebab penyakit pada tumbuhan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">1. Xanthomonas oryzae = Menyerang pucuk batang
padi</span><br />
<span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">2. Xanthomonas campestris = Menyerang tanaman
kubis</span><br />
<span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">3. Pseudomonas solanacaerum = Penyakit layu pada
terung-terungan</span></span><span style="color: #f6f1f1; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #999999;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.5pt;">§</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bakteri penyebab penyakit pada hewan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
1. Brucella abortus = Brucellosis pada sapi<br />
2. Streptococcus agalactia = Mastitis pada sapi<br />
3. Bacillus anthracis = Antraks<br />
4. Actinomyces bovis = Bengkak rahang pada sapi<br />
5. Cytophaga columnaris = Penyakit pada ikan</span></span><span style="color: #f6f1f1; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Archaebacteria</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Archaebacteria merupakan
kelompok bakteri yang menghasilkan gas metan dari sumber karbon yang sederhana,
uniseluler, mikroskopik, autotrof dan heterotrof.dinding sel tidak mengandung
peptidoglikan, namun membran plasma
mengandung lipid, bersifat anaerob, dapat hidup di sampah, tempat-tempat kotor,
saluran pencernaan manusia atau hewan, halofil ekstrem ( lingkungan bergaram),
serta termoasidofil pada suhu panas dan
lingkungan asam. Archaebacteria dianggap sebagai nenek moyang dari bakteri yang
ada sekarang ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Berdasarkan lingkungan ekstrimnya, archaebacteria
terbagi menjadi tiga kelompok sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 3.75pt 0.75pt 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bakteri Metanogen adalah
bakteri yang menghasilkan metana dari gas hidrogen dan CO<sub>2, </sub>atau
asam asetat. Metana disebut sebagai bio gas. Bakteri ini hidup di rawa sebagai
pengurai. Contoh <i>Methanobacterium</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">b. Bakteri Halofil</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">
<o:p></o:p></span>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bakteri halofil adalah bakteri yang hidup dilingkungan dengan kadar garam tinggi. bersifat aerob,
dan heterotrof. Bakteri ini banyak ditemukan di tambak garam laut dandapat
tumbuh optimum pada larutan NaCl, 3,5 serta mampu memanfaatkan energi cahaya
untuk metabolisme tubuhnya. Contoh <i>halobacterium<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 3.75pt 0.75pt 6pt 0.25in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bakteri termoasidofil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bakteri yang hidup dilingkungan ekstrim yang
panas dan asam.Kondisi optimal pada suhu 60-80<sup>0</sup>C, dengan pH2-4,
misalnya di kawah vulkanik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> Archaebakteria berperan dalam pembusukan
sampah dan kotoran hewan, sehingga menghasilkan energi alternatif metana berupa
biogas .Contoh </span><i style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">Methanobacterium.</i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sedangkan kerugian archaebakteria menyebabkan
kerusakan makanan yang diawetkan dengan garam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Penganggulangan
terhadap Bakteri yang Merugikan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Bakteri
yang merusak makanan ditanggulangi dengan pengawetan dan pengolahan makanan,
sedangkan bakteri patogen dicegah dengan menjaga kesehatan , kebersihan dan
imunisasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Imunisasi atau suntikan pemberian vaksin
untuk pencegahan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh bakteri adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 3.75pt 0.75pt 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Vaksin kolera untuk
mencegah penyakit kolera<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 3.75pt 0.75pt 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Vaksin BCG untuk
mencegah penyakit TBC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 3.75pt 0.75pt 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Vaksin tifus
untukpenyakit tifus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 3.75pt 0.75pt 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Vaksin DPT untuk
penyakit difteri, partusis/batuk dan tetanus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Pengolahan dan pengawetan makanan
dilakukan dengan cara : Pemanisan, pengasapan, pengeringan, pengasaman dan
pemanasan. Pemanasan bisa dilakukana dengan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 3.75pt 0.75pt 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sterilisasi, yaitu pemanasan dengan menggunakan
udara panas atau uap air panas bertekanan tinggi. Sterilisasi bisa menggunakan
oven (suhu 170-180<sup>o</sup>C),dan autoklaf pada suhu 115- 134<sup>0</sup>C.
Umumnya dilakukan industri makanan dan minuman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 3.75pt 0.75pt 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> <span style="color: red;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pasteurisasi, yaitu pemanasan dengan suhu 63-72<sup>o</sup>C,
selama 15-30 menit,bertujuan untuk mematikan bakteri patogen, sedangkan rasa
dan aroma dapat dipertahankan. Misalnya pengawetan untuk memperpanjang masa simpan susu dengan cara pasteurisasi tidak mengubah komposisi nilai gizi susu, naun tetap harus disipan di lemari pendingin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 3.75pt 0.75pt 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">c . </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pemanasan dengan cara dimasak seperti biasa.</span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Daftar Rujukan :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="http://n4n1k.tripod.com/mikrobia/id4.html">http://n4n1k.tripod.com/mikrobia/id4.html</a></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<br /></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08950246837416435211noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6365873963433022204.post-27029586954106706642012-10-16T05:25:00.001-07:002012-10-18T22:11:15.548-07:00Web Biologi BilingualIni Alamat Loretto Biology Web<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.student.loretto.org/biology/">http://www.student.loretto.org/biology/</a><br />
dan<br />
<a href="http://www.johnkyrk.com/">http://www.johnkyrk.com/</a><br />
<br />
Isinya Menggunakan Bahasa Inggris, dapat diTranslate lewat ( <a href="http://translate.google.co.id/">http://translate.google.co.id/</a> ), jangan lupa cocokan bahasanya dulu..<br />
Silahkan dibuka..Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08950246837416435211noreply@blogger.com30tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6365873963433022204.post-67873161223793617702012-10-10T06:05:00.003-07:002015-05-23T06:16:40.797-07:00RUANG LINGKUP BIOLOGI<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>RUANG LINGKUP BIOLOGI</b></div>
<br />
<b>1. Biologi</b> berasal dari bahasa Yunani, Bios = hidup, dan logos = ilmu, jadi biologi merupakan ilmu yang mempelajari tentang makhluk hidup (manusia, hewan, tumbuhan dan mikroorganisme).<br />
<b>2. Ilmu biologi sangat luas</b>, untuk memudahkan mempelajarinya biologi dikelompokan menjadi berbagai <b>cabang ilmu,</b> yaitu :<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: orange;"><b>a. Biologi Molekuler :</b></span> merupakan cabang biologi yang mengkaji tentang zat-zat partikel terkecil</li>
<li><span style="color: orange;"><b>b. Biokimia :</b></span> mengkaji tentang reaki kimia dalam sistem kehidupan</li>
<li><span style="color: orange;"><b>c. Genetika :</b></span> mengkaji tentang gen atau cara pewarisan sifat makhluk hidup</li>
<li><span style="color: orange;"><b>d. Sitologi :</b></span> mengkahi tentang sel</li>
<li><span style="color: red;"><b>e. Histologi :</b> mengkaji tentang jaringan</span></li>
<li><span style="color: orange;"><b>f. Morfologi :</b></span> mengkaji tentang struktur luar tubuh makhluk hidup</li>
<li><span style="color: orange;">g. Anatomi :</span> mengkaji srtuktur internal organisme</li>
<li><span style="color: orange;"><b>h. Biologi perkembangan :</b></span> mengkaji pertumbuhan dan perkembangan organisme</li>
<li><span style="color: orange;"><b>i. Biogeografi : </b></span>mengkaji penyebaran makhluk hidup di bumi</li>
<li><span style="color: orange;"><b>j. Ekologi : </b></span>mengkaji tentang hubungan interaksi antara makhluk hidup dengan lingkungannya</li>
<li><span style="color: orange;"><b>k. Taksonomi :</b></span> mengkaji tentang pengelompokan organisme berdasarkan persamaan dan perbedaan</li>
<li><span style="color: orange;"><b>l. Virologi :</b></span> mengkaji tentang virus</li>
<li><b>m. Bakteriologi :</b> mengkaji tentang bakteri</li>
<li><span style="color: orange;"><b>n. Botani : </b></span>mengkaji tentang tumbuhan</li>
<li><span style="color: orange;"><b>o. Zoologi :</b></span> mengkaji tentang hewan</li>
<li><span style="color: orange;"><b>p. Embriologi : </b></span>mengkaji tentang perkembangan embrio</li>
<li><span style="color: orange;"><b>q. Fisiologi :</b></span> mengkaji tentang fungsi-fungsi yang terjadi pada kehidupan organisme</li>
<li><span style="color: yellow;"><b>r. Biotekhnologi :</b> mengkaji tekhnologi yang memenfaatkan organisme</span></li>
<li><span style="color: orange;">s. Paleontologi :</span> mengkaji tentang perkembangan sejarah kehidupan berdasarkan catatan fosil</li>
<li>t.<span style="color: red;"> </span>Ornitologi ; adalah ilmu yang mengkaji tentang burung</li>
<li>dan lain-lain.</li>
</ul>
<div>
<b>3. Cabang ilmu biologi tersebut, dapat dikelompokan lagi berdasarkan :</b></div>
<div>
<ul>
<li><b>a</b>. Berdasarkan Tingkat organisasai kehidupan dari yang terkecil hingga tertinggi ( molekul, sel, jaringan, organ, sistem organ, organisme, populasi, komunitas, ekosistem, bioma).Contoh cabang ilmunya adalah biologi molekuler, citologi, histologi, anatomi dan fisiologi, boplogi perkembangan, beogeografi, ekologi</li>
<li><b>b</b>. Kehidupan pada kelompok organisme, contoh cabang ilmunya adalah taksonomi,virologi, baktriologi, mikologi, botani dan zoologi</li>
<li><b>c</b>. Berdasarkan aspek kehidupan, cabang ilmunya adalah Biologi perkembangan, anatomi, fisiologi, embriologi</li>
<li><b>d</b>. Berdasarkan kelompok ilmu campuran dan terapan, yaitu biokimia,biofisika, biotekhnologi</li>
</ul>
<div>
<span style="color: blue;"><b>4. Objek dan permasalahan Biologi</b> adalah kehidupan organisme pada berbagai tingkat struktur dari yang terendah hingga tertinggi , yaitu :</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: blue;"> (unsur, molekul, sel, jaringan, organ, sistem organ, organisme, populasi, komunitas, ekosistem, bioma).</span><br />
<b>5. Tingkat struktur organisasi kehidupan dari yang terendah hingga tertinggi adalah :</b><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: orange;"><b>a. unsur</b></span> adalah zat tunggal yang tidakdapat di bagi lagi menjadi zat yang lebih kecil<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk1Do5y99mQ6M3Zv1gvgeF3bIeLw0BvYggGBm55vOa3teWI8QaU0oG23ClVECUDKF2Y0FO0DBj2qVOgsJkcn5LvZCGfAOeuomssEAeSda1LeaVCEnJ_6iLQMipstfMbnXtOMdnsiTJ27G_/s1600/Periodic_table.svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="112" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk1Do5y99mQ6M3Zv1gvgeF3bIeLw0BvYggGBm55vOa3teWI8QaU0oG23ClVECUDKF2Y0FO0DBj2qVOgsJkcn5LvZCGfAOeuomssEAeSda1LeaVCEnJ_6iLQMipstfMbnXtOMdnsiTJ27G_/s1600/Periodic_table.svg.png" width="200" /></a></div>
</li>
<li><span style="color: orange;"><b>b. molekul</b></span> adalah :zat kimia murni yang terdiri dari beberapa unsur yang dapat dipecah-pecah lagi menjadi unsur pembentuknya, contoh H20, adalah senyawa yang terdiri dari 2 atom Hidrogen untuk setiap atom Oksigen<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8tcmu4fMx3AKF3vum69zsf6ZmLNQELikjRnZM4PNgmEB4Lk53PHXnkDmFiEHlzFyXGNVB0MT_SizXaE116FLuQjdOwf_VJ2DUuUwWndd-Wuj2S4R87E3biAQe_8aD43ApDOKGY19tRgb_/s1600/220px-3D_model_hydrogen_bonds_in_water.svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8tcmu4fMx3AKF3vum69zsf6ZmLNQELikjRnZM4PNgmEB4Lk53PHXnkDmFiEHlzFyXGNVB0MT_SizXaE116FLuQjdOwf_VJ2DUuUwWndd-Wuj2S4R87E3biAQe_8aD43ApDOKGY19tRgb_/s1600/220px-3D_model_hydrogen_bonds_in_water.svg.png" width="200" /></a></div>
</li>
<li><b>c. sel</b> adalah unit terkecil dan fungsional penyusun tubuh makhluk hidup<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTLR-GpR2I_ISyiosUbjvXeJpmeulGs7ivqK_azBpL5zMEXWTteyg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="114" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTLR-GpR2I_ISyiosUbjvXeJpmeulGs7ivqK_azBpL5zMEXWTteyg" width="200" /></a></div>
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</li>
<li><span style="color: orange;"><b>d. Jaringan</b></span> adalah sekumpulan sel yang memiliki bentuk dan fungsi yang sama<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTy9VKE6iiZImy1GxVOTPGIURNbg8eDmhU_Hgcl-d6XnOBDx177" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTy9VKE6iiZImy1GxVOTPGIURNbg8eDmhU_Hgcl-d6XnOBDx177" /></a></div>
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</li>
<li><span style="color: orange;"><b>e. Organ </b></span>adalah kumpulan dari jaringan-jaringan yang saling bekerja sama membentuk fungsi di dalam tubuh. contoh mata, hidung, jantung, ginjal, otak dll<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQqJTx3B1jMzvDOLpv49-b-9FFZ7ssOwjLALm0AYW-qECEpTABy" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQqJTx3B1jMzvDOLpv49-b-9FFZ7ssOwjLALm0AYW-qECEpTABy" /></a></div>
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</li>
<li><span style="color: orange;"><b>f. Sistem organ</b></span> adalah kumpulan dari beberapa organ yang saling bekerja sama membentuk fungsi yang lebih luas di dalam tubuh. contohnya sistem pencernaan , sistem pernafasan, peredaran darah. gerak, eksresi, sekresi, sistem koordinasi dll. Contoh organ yang menyusun sistem pernapasan adalah rongga hidung, tenggorokan, bronkeolua, alveolus.Sistem pencernaan mulut, kerongkongan, lambung, usus, usus besar dan anus<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRxcAqRbhemwU-_ydWVR-hP6E4tDTHJCZ3DHvGG15Wb9l9uK8Du" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRxcAqRbhemwU-_ydWVR-hP6E4tDTHJCZ3DHvGG15Wb9l9uK8Du" /></a></div>
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</li>
<li><span style="color: orange;"><b>g. Organisme</b></span> adalah makhluk hidup tunggal atau individu yang merupakan kumpulan dari seluruh sistem organ yg saling bekerjasama menjalankan fungsi kehidupan<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTifGQwJ1nPa5ZFnwLZ3VjJoigjUhIDpUXEyPUOlPcXMOGiH-4ZUw" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTifGQwJ1nPa5ZFnwLZ3VjJoigjUhIDpUXEyPUOlPcXMOGiH-4ZUw" width="200" /></a></div>
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</div>
</li>
<li><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange;"><b>h. Populasi </b></span>adalah kumpulan individu sejenis yg tinggal di suatu tempat</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqbQGKMjfW4wsJJn3erTf6YUpxLdD3OzNfz44F5hjqpo0Ip7vpV_fKpRDrxUsahSorcKaVyzlW9pBdn45IfHzo0mcU_3TeE1eNwnf0XwZYQn8JIWgrCKoBrBnK_Qwlk6yNKI7LT_tgriW6/s1600/DSC00817.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqbQGKMjfW4wsJJn3erTf6YUpxLdD3OzNfz44F5hjqpo0Ip7vpV_fKpRDrxUsahSorcKaVyzlW9pBdn45IfHzo0mcU_3TeE1eNwnf0XwZYQn8JIWgrCKoBrBnK_Qwlk6yNKI7LT_tgriW6/s1600/DSC00817.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
</li>
<li><b>i. Komunitas</b> adalah kumpulan dari beberapa populasi yang saling berinteraksi di suatu habitat tertentu<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR6qvjnU16jXx18XE-tFKE-sAxJAq3sAQoL8g5xU-8Pw2ZtUOi76A" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR6qvjnU16jXx18XE-tFKE-sAxJAq3sAQoL8g5xU-8Pw2ZtUOi76A" width="200" /></a></div>
</li>
<li><span style="color: orange;"><b>j. Ekosistem</b></span> adalah kesatuan komunitas dengan lingkungan hidupnya yg membentuk hubungan interaksi atau saling ketergantungan. Contohnya ekosistem perairan dan ekosistem daratan<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRnyViT6BOOjLrINAjNqyrFV5gUDkg3kmx2JoF-xX-Q10WcwGkDZQ" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="149" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRnyViT6BOOjLrINAjNqyrFV5gUDkg3kmx2JoF-xX-Q10WcwGkDZQ" width="200" /></a></div>
</li>
<li><span style="color: orange;"><b>k. Bioma</b></span> : Bagian terkecil dari ekosistem di daratan. Contohnya bioma hutan hujan tropis, bioma gurun dll<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTg7OBv4uwiqSqCP3CulzsbNUOMC6aHWAujue5HKMrLh6hs6qDgQg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTg7OBv4uwiqSqCP3CulzsbNUOMC6aHWAujue5HKMrLh6hs6qDgQg" width="200" /></a></div>
</li>
<li><span style="color: orange;"><b>l. Biosfer</b></span> : tempat makhluk hidup tinggal dan melangsungkan hidupnya yaitu di bumi.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheEkK6UFF53P1SSewfOyP6nZePK5cX6d4RkqvVjutriOFG0_TinHtIUpRRiOip0X7UfM8XpmtYsEn6NNW7BTByZQNCDutXmdVcRh4mp2QEMgChQazt8d5-tERGlYVTNyKkC-tytJ-9GKr5/s1600/bumi1ew8.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheEkK6UFF53P1SSewfOyP6nZePK5cX6d4RkqvVjutriOFG0_TinHtIUpRRiOip0X7UfM8XpmtYsEn6NNW7BTByZQNCDutXmdVcRh4mp2QEMgChQazt8d5-tERGlYVTNyKkC-tytJ-9GKr5/s1600/bumi1ew8.png" width="200" /></a></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div>
6. Manfaat Biologi : Biologi telah banyak memberikan manfaat atau sumbangan terhadap kemajuan tekhnologi, seperti di bidang pertanian, peternakan, kedokteran dan industri.</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li><b>a</b>. Manfaat biologi di bidang pertanian :</li>
</ul>
<div>
- ditemukannya tekhnik kultur jaringan, yaitu tehknik membudidayakan tanaman dalam waktu yang singkat dan jumlah yang banyak</div>
</div>
<div>
- ditemukannya berbagai jenis tanaman/ bibit unggul,</div>
<div>
- Tekhnik rekayasa genetika berhasil menciptakan buah semangka , pepaya, jeruk, dan anggur tanpa biji</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<ul>
<li><b>b</b>. Manfaat biologi di bidang peternakan :</li>
</ul>
<div>
- Tekhnik inseminasi buatan ( kawin suntik), telah berhasil menciptakan berbagai hewan ternak unggul</div>
</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li><b>c</b>. Manfaat biologi di bidang kedokteran :</li>
</ul>
<div>
- Tekhnik bayi tabung, Tranplantasi organ, penemuan berbagai jenis vaksin, dan obat-obatan </div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<ul>
<li><b>d</b>. Manfaat biologi di bidang industri</li>
</ul>
<div>
- Pemanfaatan mikroorganisme pada industri makanan, contoh nata de coco,yoghurt, kecap, tempe, keju dll</div>
</div>
<div>
- Pemanfaatan mikroorganisme untuk obat-obatan, misalnya antibiotik<br />
<br />
<b>7. Kerja Ilmiah</b><br />
Pengen jadi ilmuwan?<br />
Caranya gampang, ikuti aja langkah - langkah metode ilmiah berikut :<br />
<b>Metode ilmiah adalah</b> : Suatu cara yang ditempuh oleh ilmuwan untuk memecahkan masalah yang dihadapi, atau suatu cara mmemperoleh pengetahuan melalui percobaan<br />
<ul>
<li><b><span style="color: blue;">Langkah-langkah metode ilmiah adalah :</span></b></li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Perumusan masalah : merupakan langkah awal dimulainya suatu penelitian. Percobaab dimulai dengan suatu pertanyaan, setelah itu mencoba untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut dengan melakukan percobaan</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Mengajukan hipotesis, yaitu jawaban sementara terhadap rumusan masalah. Jawaban sementara harus diselidiki dengan melakukan eksperimen</span></li>
<li> Melakukan percobaan , dengan cara membuat rancangan penelitian,yaitu berbagai hal yang harus diperhatikan sebelum, selama dan setelah penelitian , yang meliputi jenis penelitian, (deskriptif, eksperimen), variabel penelitian (variabel bebas, terikat dan variabel kontrol), persiapan alat, bahan, tempat dan waktu penelitian, tekhnik pengumpulan data (data kwalitatif , kwantitatif), serta melakukan tekhnik pengolahan data (tabel, bagan dll). Variabel adalah ciri obyek yang nilainya beragam. Ada 2 jenis variabel, yaitu<b> variabel bebas</b> dan <b>variabel terikat. </b><span style="font-weight: bold;">Variabel bebas (indevendent variable),</span> merupakan variabel yang diubah, sedangkan<b> variabel terikat (devendent variable) </b>merupakan variabel yang berubah, tergantung perubahan variabel bebas. Pada percobaan biologi, biasanya terdapat<b> dua kelompok perlakukan,</b> yaitu kelompok yang diberi perlakuan dan kelompok kontrol (tidak diberi perlakuan)</li>
<li>Menarik kesimpulan, yang berisi hasil percobaan yang dilakukan, apakah mendukung atau tidak mendukung hipotesis yang dibuat</li>
</ol>
<div>
<ul>
<li><b>Contoh Metode Ilmiah :</b></li>
</ul>
<div>
Judul Penelitian :<span style="color: orange;"><b> </b>PENGARUH INTENSITAS CAHAYA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PERKEMBANGAN KACANG HIJAU</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: orange;"><b>Rumusan masalah :</b></span> a. Adakah pengaruh cahaya terhadap pertumbuhan kacang hijau? b. Bagaimana pengaruh cahaya terhadap pertumbuhan dan perkembangan kacang hijau?</li>
<li> <span style="color: orange;"><b>Mengajukan hipotesis :</b></span> cahaya dapat mempengaruhi petumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman. Biji kacang hijau yang berada di lingkungan yang intensitas cahayanya berbeda, akan menghasilkan tinggi yang berbeda. Tumbuhan ditempat gelap akan lebih cepat tinggi, dari pada di tempat terang.</li>
<li><span style="color: orange;"><b>Melakukan Percobaan :</b></span> a). Jenis penelitian eksperimen. b). Variabel bebas adalah cahaya matahari, variabel terikat adalah morfologi kacang hijau, dan variabel terkendali adalah polibek, tanah, biji kacang hijau dan penyiraman. c). Cara kerjanya adalah menanam biji kacang hijau pada dua polibek dengan kwalitas tanah yang sama, kemudian polibek ditempatkan pada dua tempat yang berbeda, polibek A di tempat terang dan polibek b di tempat gelap (ditutup dengan kardus supaya tidak terkena cahaya), lakukan penyiraman setiap hari, dan amati pertumbuhan yang terjadi. d). Data hasil pengamatan menunjukan bahwa terdapat perbedaan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan ditempat yang terkena cahaya dan yang tidak terkena cahaya, hal ini menunjukan bahwa cahaya mempengaruhi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan kacang hijau. selengkapnya klik di <a href="http://farischarming.wordpress.com/2013/08/31/laporan-pengamatan-pengaruh-cahaya-terhadap-pertumbuhan-dan-perkembangan-kacang-hijau/">http://farischarming.wordpress.com/2013/08/31/laporan-pengamatan-pengaruh-cahaya-terhadap-pertumbuhan-dan-perkembangan-kacang-hijau/</a></li>
<li><b>Menarik kesimpulan </b>: hasil penelitian menunjukan cahaya dapat mempengaruhi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman. Biji kacang hijau yang terkena cahaya matahari langsung pertumbuhannya lebih lambat, daun lebar dan tebal, berwarna hijau,batang tagak kokoh. Sedangkan yang tidak terkena matahari (gelap), pertumbuhan lebih cepat tinggi (etiolasi), daunnya tipis, berwarna pucat, batang melengkung tidak kokoh, ini terjadi karena cahaya dapat menghambat pertumbuhan hormon auksin. Jadi hipotesis adalah benar.</li>
</ol>
</div>
<ul>
<li><b>Sikap Ilmiah :</b> seorang ilmwan juga harus memiliki sikap ilmiah, yaitu sikap ingin tahu, kritis, santun, tidak merasa paling benar, berikap obyektif (melihat sesuatu sebagaimana adanya obyek itu, menjauhkan bias pribadi atau kepentingan sendiri), jujur, tekun, disiplin, terbuka, bekerja sama, dapat membedakan antara fakta dan opini, dapat membedakan antara hipotesis dan solusi, berpendapat secara ilmiah, berani mengusulkan perbaikan dan bertanggung jawab.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red; line-height: 14px;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 14px;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span><b><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"> Literatur dan daftar rujukan gambar </span></span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Diah Aryulina dkk, Biologi 1, Esis, Erlangga</span></span><br />
<a href="http://www.sentra-edukasi.com/2011/06/struktur-jaringan-jenis-fungsi-batang.html">http://www.sentra-edukasi.com/2011/06/struktur-jaringan-jenis-fungsi-batang.html</a><br />
<a href="http://farischarming.wordpress.com/2013/08/31/laporan-pengamatan-pengaruh-cahaya-terhadap-pertumbuhan-dan-perkembangan-kacang-hijau/">http://farischarming.wordpress.com/2013/08/31/laporan-pengamatan-pengaruh-cahaya-terhadap-pertumbuhan-dan-perkembangan-kacang-hijau/</a><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08950246837416435211noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6365873963433022204.post-54307464769520028522012-10-10T06:03:00.005-07:002015-05-23T07:47:40.183-07:00Virus<br />
<h1 align="center" style="margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 36.0pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 48.0pt;">VIRUS<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 19.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Virus <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(latin)
berarti racun, </span></b><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">karena <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">semua
virus dapat menimbulkan penyakit (patogen) . Ilmu tentang Virus disebut
Virologi<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></strong><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;">SEJARAH PENEMUAN VIRUS<o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
<div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></strong><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;">Adolf Meyer- Ilmuwan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jerman
(1883)<o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
<div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;">Melihat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ada penyakit bintik
kuning pada daun tembakau, kemudian Ia melakukan penelitian dengan cara sbb :<o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 4in; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 337.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Meyer<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berkesimpulan bahwa penyakit <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tersebut disebabkan oleh bakteri yang sangat
kecil, yang tidak bisa dilihat dengan mikroskop cahaya, dan penyakit tersebut
menular.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dmitri Iwanowski –
ilmuwan Rusia (1892)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Melakukan penelitian
yang sama dengan Meyer, dengan membuat saringan yang berbeda, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Menyaring ekstrak
tembakau dengan saringan supaya bakteri tidak lolos, dengan cara sebagai
berikut</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"> :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBoTjY35BFprx0J7R9BjV_T46jGYXvHuzD665vEaoi-3cEHHZrgRpay7loy2jH9HSjBJJ6tslAviR3Em-iMtLp81lcggCp35Kj55uQXFrwzKoo7RLnLwwOjxW4p2fxqHKTELtQtZKunyh9/s1600/hal43bawah.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBoTjY35BFprx0J7R9BjV_T46jGYXvHuzD665vEaoi-3cEHHZrgRpay7loy2jH9HSjBJJ6tslAviR3Em-iMtLp81lcggCp35Kj55uQXFrwzKoo7RLnLwwOjxW4p2fxqHKTELtQtZKunyh9/s1600/hal43bawah.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="Description: G:\gambar\hal43bawah.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_23" o:spid="_x0000_i1034" style="height: 270.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 448.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="hal43bawah" src="file:///C:\Users\AMIRHA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Iwanowski
berkesimpulan bahwa penyebab penyakit pada tembakau adalah organisme yang
berukuran lebih kecil dari bakteri.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Marthinus W.
Beijerinck- Ilmuwan Belanda (1899)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Melakukan penelitian
yang sama dengan Iwanowski, dan ia berkesimpulan bahwa penyakit pada daun
tembakau disebabkan oleh organisme yang sangat kecil yang disebut dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">virus lolos</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saring,</i> karena makhluk tersebut lolos dari saringan bakteri dan
tidak terlihat dengan mikroskop cahaya.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Iwanowsky dan baijerink kemudian dinobatkan sebagai penemu virus .<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -58.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 19.5pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Wendell M.
Stanley- Ilmuwan Amerika (1935) Merupakan orang yang berhasil mengisolasi dan
mengkristalkan virus tersebut , kemudian memberi nama TMV (Tobacco Mozaic Virus
). Penemuan tersebut merupakan awal berkembangnya penelitian tentang virus.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 19.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -4.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">B. <strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;">CIRI-CIRI
VIRUS</span></strong><strong><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 30.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Memiliki ukuran ultra mikroskopik dan lebih
kecil dari bakteri, yaitu sekitar 20 – 300 nanomikron (1 nm = 10<sup>-9</sup>
m) dan hanya dapat dilihat dengan mikroskop elektron, mulai tahun 1930</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 30.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tubuhnya masih belum
dapat disebut sebagai sel</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;">(bersifat aseluler)</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">karena tidak memiliki
protoplasma dan organel sel<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 30.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Virus hanya tersusun
dari selubung protein di bagian luar dan asam nukleat (RNA atau DNA) di bagian
dalamnya, yang berperan mengatur proses replikasi.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 30.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Virus</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;">hanya dapat berkembang biak</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(bereplikasi) pada
medium yang hidup (embrio, jaringan hewan, jaringan tumbuhan).<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 30.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Virus mempunyai dua fase
untuk keberadaaanya, yaitu di dalam sel inangnya dan diluar sel inangnya<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 30.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Jika berada <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diluar organisme virus akan membentuk Kristal,yang
disebut virion<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 30.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Virus bersifat parasit
obligat<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 19.5pt; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dari ciri-ciri tersebut, beberapa ahli masih berbeda
pendapat tentang virus, apakah virus termasuk benda mati atau kah makhluk hidup,
sehingga virus disebut sebagai makhluk peralihan atau metaorganise antara benda mati dan makhluk
hidup.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;">Virus dianggap</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;">benda mati</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">karena dapat
dikristalkan dan bersifat aseluler (bukan sel)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: blue;"><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;">Virus dianggap makhluk hidup</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">karena dapat
bereproduksi di dalam organisme, dan memiliki asam nuklead RNA atau DNA sebagai
pembawa informasi genetik.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;">C. BENTUK VIRUS</span></strong><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bentuk virus
bermacam-macam, ada yang memanjang (batang), oval, bulat,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>polihidris <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan seperti hurup huruf T (virus T).</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:HIV_Virion-en-2.png"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #3399cc; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><v:shape alt="Description: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/HIV_Virion-en-2.png/500px-HIV_Virion-en-2.png" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:HIV_Virion-en-2.png" id="Picture_x0020_33" o:button="t" o:spid="_x0000_i1032" style="height: 95.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 136.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvYMJSM_J7WRo_TC6PviJEuInd0QK40dFxGawtT3NcQ3RPw6wuGczItlL1lIPWSS8uqdIAhB6A_01KK-M-WsFim3ICRCXkDE4hw0i_FZpNNJ88ljbPXnc3cHeNYby_PrqTQOB047YsTPaP/s1600/hal44c+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" height="155" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvYMJSM_J7WRo_TC6PviJEuInd0QK40dFxGawtT3NcQ3RPw6wuGczItlL1lIPWSS8uqdIAhB6A_01KK-M-WsFim3ICRCXkDE4hw0i_FZpNNJ88ljbPXnc3cHeNYby_PrqTQOB047YsTPaP/s1600/hal44c+copy.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
gb. virus T (bakterifage)</div>
</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAzf5DEHIoUtCVC4sIW6VZEuGCBDQkF1bYKBJou5HhgHz66HLlfw6oCEPM9x9hWKuh8070PLQX6sfQDalHWfhdZvgNbfKlYxEw1piLm7gqyhtKnw5F8lHdAj6vK09AUE7aAXCI5cWobxts/s1600/influenza-virus-a1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAzf5DEHIoUtCVC4sIW6VZEuGCBDQkF1bYKBJou5HhgHz66HLlfw6oCEPM9x9hWKuh8070PLQX6sfQDalHWfhdZvgNbfKlYxEw1piLm7gqyhtKnw5F8lHdAj6vK09AUE7aAXCI5cWobxts/s1600/influenza-virus-a1.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div>
<strong style="line-height: 18pt;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;">D . STRUKTUR VIRUS</span></strong></div>
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<b style="line-height: 18pt;"><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Virus terdiri 2 bagian yaitu:</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 19.5pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bagian dalam yang terdiri atas</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><em><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;">asam nukleat sebagai pembawa informasi genetik</span></b></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> , dan hanya terdiri dari
satu jenis asam nuklead saja , yaitu</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> DNA ( Dioksiribo Nuclead Acid) atau RNA,(Ribo Nuclead Acid) dan berperan dalam proses replikasi virus<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: .25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bagian luar atau
selubung yang disebut</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><em><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;">kapsid</span></b></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> </span></i></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">berupa protein.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: 31.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Unit protein yang menyusun kapsid disebut</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><em><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;">kapsomer<o:p></o:p></span></b></em></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 19.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Virus yang menyerang bakteri disebut Bacteriofag
(fage) dan berbentuk T. Virus T memiliki bagian-bagian:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 30.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kepala, yang terdiri
atas kapsid di bagian luar, dan DNA di bagian dalam, <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Leher<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Selubung ekor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Serabut ekor, yang
berfungsi untuk melekatkan diri pada inangnya<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bagian dasar (
Baseplate)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Agar lebih jelas,
perhatikan gambar berikut</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">:</span></b><span style="font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;">E.</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;"> </span></span><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;">REPRODUKSI VIRUS<o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
<div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 19.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Virus dapat berkembang biak jika berada di dalam
tubuh makhluk hidup. Hal ini karena virus tidak dapat melakukan metabolisme
menghasilkan senyawa-senyawa yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan virus baru. Oleh
karena itu virus harus mengambil senyawa-senyawa tersebut dari tubuh inangnya.
Jika dianalogikan, ketika menyerang inangnya maka virus seperti penjajah yang
akan menguasai tubuh inang tersebut dan mengambil senyawa-senyawa yang
dibutuhkan dalam membentuk virus-virus baru. Berdasarkan tahap-tahapannya,
reproduksi virus dibedakan menjadi 2 yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Daur Litik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Daur Lisogenik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 19.5pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="line-height: 18pt;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;">Daur Litik</span></strong></div>
<div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 19.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tahap pada daur litik yaitu: Virus akan menhancurkan
sel inang setelah berhasil replikasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 19.5pt; margin-left: 30.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: blue;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Fase</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><em><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;">Adsorbsi : </span></b></em><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Virus melekatkan diri pada inang dengan menggunakan serabut
ekornya, kemudian mengeluarkann enzim lisozim untuk melobangi tubuh bakteri<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 19.5pt; margin-left: 30.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: blue;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Fase</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><em><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;">Injeksi / penetrasi : </span></b></em><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Virus menyuntikkan DNA ke dalam sel inang,
selubung virus tertinggal diluar<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 19.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Fase</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> sintesis</span></i></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> : DNA
virus mengontrol inang dan mengambil senyawa-senyawa inang untuk membentuk
komponen tubuh (kepala, ekor)<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 19.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: blue;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Fase</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><em><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;">Perakitan/Assembling: </span></b></em><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Komponen yang telah dibentuk dirakit menjadi
virus-virus baru<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 19.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: blue;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Fase</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><em><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;">Lisis : </span></b></em><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Virus-virus baru semakin menekan dinding bakteri sehingga
dinding bakteri pecah (lisis) dan viru-virus tersebut keluar dari tubuh
inangnya<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt; width: 373.5pt;" width="498"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt; width: 373.5pt;" width="498"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 19.5pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">N.B : Untuk lebih
mudah memehami siklus litik , bisa menggunakan “ jembatan keledai”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 19.5pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">AD-IN- SI- PE-LIT</span></b><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
= Adsorbsi- Injeksi- Sintesis-Perakitan-Litik/lisis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="line-height: 18pt;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Daur lisogenik: Virus tidak
langsung menghancurkan sel bakteri tetapi DNA nya akan bergabung dengan DNA
bakteri membentuk Profage</span></strong></div>
<div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #373737; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 18pt;">Tahap pada daur
lisogenik yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 30.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-indent: -16.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Fase<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;">Adsorbsi</span></b></em><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;"> </span></strong><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 30.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Fase<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;">Injeksi/Penetrasi</span></b></em><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 30.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Fase<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;">Penggabungan : </span></b></em>DNA virus bergabung denganDNA
bakteri /Plasmid membentuk<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><em><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;">Profage,</span></b></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> </span></i></span><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">DNA virus menjadi tidak
aktif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 19.5pt; margin-left: 30.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Fase<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;">Pembelahan: </span></b></em>DNA bakteri melakukan replikasi,
dilanjutkan pembelahan sel bakteri. DNA virus yang bergabung dengan DNA bakteri
juga ikut melakukan replikasi. Dua sel bakteri hasil pembelahan akan memiliki
profage (Gabungan DNA bakteri danDNA virus)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 19.5pt; margin-left: 30.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Fase<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;">Sintesis</span></b></em><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 30.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #373737; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Fase<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;">Perakitan</span></b></em><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><em><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b></em><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Fase</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><em><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;">Litik/lisis<o:p></o:p></span></b></em></div>
<div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 19.5pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #373737; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Jembatan Keledai : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">AD-IN-PP-SI –PE-LIT</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 19.5pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Untuk lebih jelas
tentang daur litik dan lisogenik,
perhatikan skema berikut</span><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> : </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 19.5pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghmeZzxH-iypE4HCYkuocRoFWKqSWLgqJVi0Es8Llre3rzUqTB9AK2D1JRRNIk14nXsgcqTqZ1Ebv8sSLmpGaOjImreNag8IukjQY5ChLaCXWfN8npvoo-n2avs7AKHptUboHzF0rUY1N3/s1600/img030.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghmeZzxH-iypE4HCYkuocRoFWKqSWLgqJVi0Es8Llre3rzUqTB9AK2D1JRRNIk14nXsgcqTqZ1Ebv8sSLmpGaOjImreNag8IukjQY5ChLaCXWfN8npvoo-n2avs7AKHptUboHzF0rUY1N3/s400/img030.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-left: .25in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-left: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">F. HABITAT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Virus
menunjukan ciri kehidupan jika berada dalam sel inang. Sel inang virus berupa
bakteri, mikroorganisme eukaryotik (Protista dan jamur), sel manusia, sel hewan
dan sel tumbuhan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">G. KLASIFIKASI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Virus
diklasifikasikan berdasarkan system ICTV(International Committee on Toxonomy of
Viruses= Komite Internasional untuk Taksonomi Virus), yang terdiri dari tiga
takson, yaitu family (namaya diakhiri dengan viridae), genus , dan spesies (
keduanya diakhiri dengan virus). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Contoh:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Ssegoe","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Famili
:</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Ssegoe","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Filoviridae<br />
<b>Genus :</b> Filovirus<br />
<b>Spesies :</b> Ebola virus</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Ssegoe","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Berdasarkan habitat atau inangnya virus dikelompokan menjadi
empat, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Segoe UI";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Virus bakteri (bakteriofage) yang mengandung
materi genetik DNA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Segoe UI";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Virus Mikroorganisme Eukariot (menyerang
protozoa dan jamur ), memiliki materi genetic RNA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Segoe UI";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Virus Tumbuhan , sebagai besar memiliki materi
genetik RNA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<div style="line-height: 16.8pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Segoe UI";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Virus Hewan (menyerang hewan dan manusia),
memiliki materi</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 16.8pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"> genetik DNA atau RNA (salah satunya saja</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #373737; font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 24px;"> )</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 16.8pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #373737; font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 24px;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. <b>Ribovirus</b>, yaitu virus yang asam nukleatnya
berupa RNA.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh virus yang termasuk kelompok ribovirus adalah :<br />
<br />
1. virus toga (penyebab demam kuning dan ensefalitis);<br />
2. virus arena (penyebab meningitis);<br />
3.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> virus picorna (penyebab polio);<br />
4. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">virus orthomyxo (penyebab influenza);<br /><span style="color: #333333;">
5. virus paramyxo (penyebab pes pada ternak);</span><br /><span style="color: #333333;">
6. virus rhabdo (penyebab rabies);</span><br /><span style="color: #333333;">
7. virus hepatitis (penyebab hepatitis pada manusia);</span><br /><span style="color: #333333;">
8. HIV dapat menyebabkan AIDS).</span><br />
<br /><span style="color: #333333;">
b. </span><b style="color: #333333;">Deoksiribovirus</b><span style="color: #333333;">, yaitu virus yang asam nukleatnya berupa DNA Contoh virus jenis deoksiribovirus adalah</span><br /><span style="color: #333333;">
1. virus herpes (penyebab herpes);</span><br /><span style="color: #333333;">
2. virus pox (penyebab kanker seperti leukemia dan limfoma, ada pula yang
menyebabkan AIDS);</span><br /><span style="color: #333333;">
3. virus mozaik (penyebab bercak-bercak pada daun tembakau);</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 16.8pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 24px;"> virus papova (penyebab kutil pada manusia/papiloma).</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 16.8pt;">
<strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><br /></span></strong></div>
<div style="line-height: 16.8pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 24px;"></span></span><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">H. PERANAN VIRUS BAGI KEHIDUPAN</span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt;">
<strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><br /></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt;">
<strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Peranan negatif<o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt;">
<span class="rvts10"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt;">
<span class="rvts10"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Virus banyak menyebabkan penyakit, baik pada manusia, hewan
maupun tumbuhan.</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt;">
<span class="rvts14"><span style="color: red; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1) Penyakit akibat virus pada manusia</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; line-height: 22px;"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: yellow; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="rvts20"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">No</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: yellow; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="rvts20"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Penyakit</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: yellow; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="rvts20"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Nama Virus</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: yellow; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="rvts20"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Menyerang</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: yellow; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 132.75pt;" valign="top" width="177"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="rvts20"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Gejala</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: yellow; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 159.0pt;" valign="top" width="212"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="rvts20"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Penularan</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Hepatitis</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Virus
Hepatitis A (HAV), B (HBV), C (HCV)</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">hati</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 132.75pt;" valign="top" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Lemas,
kehilangan nafsu makan, mual, demam, sakit di bagian atas perut, kulit dan
mata menguning</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 159.0pt;" valign="top" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">HAV
: lewat makanan dan air yang terkontaminasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">HBV
& HCV : lewat hubungan seks, makan dari wadah yang sama, kontak dengan
luka, saat bayi ketika dilahirkan yang terinfeksi dari ibu.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Herpes</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Herpertoviridae</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Kulit
dan selaput lendir pada mulut dan bibir, alat genital</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 132.75pt;" valign="top" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">demam,
sakit pada alat genital, ensefalitis</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 159.0pt;" valign="top" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">lewat
luka kecil, saat bayi dilahirkan atau melalui hubungan seksual</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Polio</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Poliovirus</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Sistem
syaraf</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 132.75pt;" valign="top" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Gejala
awal demam, sakit kepala, sakit tenggorokan, lelah dan mual. Saat menyerang
syaraf bisa menimbulkan kelumpuhan, bisanya pada anak usia 1-5 tahun</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 159.0pt;" valign="top" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">lewat
mulut</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Cacar</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Virus
spherical varicella-zoster (VZV),<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="rvts21">Poxvirus</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Hati,
limpa, organ dalam lain namun biasanya menyerang membran mukus (lendir) mulut
dan sel kulit</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 132.75pt;" valign="top" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Mula-mula
demam, mual, sakit kepala, sakit otot, 2-3 hari kemudian timbul bintil-bintil
di kulit</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 159.0pt;" valign="top" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Lewat
kontak dengan penderita</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">5.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Gondong</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="rvts21"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Paramyxovirus</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Kelenjar
ludah dan jaringan syaraf</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 132.75pt;" valign="top" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Demam,
sakit badan, kehilangan selera makan, tenggorokan kering dan bengkak di
bagian leher</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 159.0pt;" valign="top" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Lewat
udara</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">6.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Influenza</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="rvts21"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Adenovirus,
Orthomyxovirus</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Saluran
pernapasan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 132.75pt;" valign="top" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Sakit
otot, rasa lelah, hidung pilek, demam dan bersin-bersin</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 159.0pt;" valign="top" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Lewat
udara</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">7.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Campak</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="rvts21"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Paramyxovirus</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Sel
epitel kulit</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 132.75pt;" valign="top" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">12
hari sejak terpapar virus timbul demam, bersin-bersin, hidung berair, batuk
dan kelenjar leher bengkak. 4 hari kemudian, muncul bintik-bintik merah di
tubuh. 2-3 hari kemudian, demam mereda dan bintik-bintikpun hilang</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 159.0pt;" valign="top" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Lewat
udara</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">8.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">AIDS</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">HIV
(Human Immunodeficiency Syndrom)</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Sel
darah putih</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 132.75pt;" valign="top" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Kekebalan
tubuh hilang, sering terkena penyakit ringan tetapi tidak sembuh-sembuh</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 159.0pt;" valign="top" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Lewat
hubungan sex, jarum suntuk, bayi sejak lahir yang terinfeksi dari ibunya,
transfusi darah</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">9.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Flu
burung</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">H5N1
(Avian Influenza)</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Saluran
pernapasan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 132.75pt;" valign="top" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">demam
tinggi, sesak napas, tersengal-sengal, sakit saluran pernapasan, sakit pada
perut</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 159.0pt;" valign="top" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Kontak
dengan unggas yang terinfeksi virus.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">10.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Demam
Berdarah Dengue (DBD)</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="rvts21"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Arbovirus
(Arthropodborn virus), Flavivirus</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Sel-sel
darah putih, kelenjar getah bening</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 132.75pt;" valign="top" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Muncul
bintik-bintik merah pada kulit, mimisan, pendarahan gusi, demam tinggi (39<span class="rvts22">0</span>-40<span class="rvts22">0</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>C), penurunan kadar trombosit,
pembuluh darah bocor</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 159.0pt;" valign="top" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">Lewat
gigitan nyamuk<span class="rvts21">Aedes aegypti</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan nyamuk<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="rvts21">Aedes albopictus</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; line-height: 22px;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; line-height: 22px;"><span class="rvts14"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">2)
Penyakit akibat virus pada hewan</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; line-height: 22px;">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: lime; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 27.75pt;" valign="top" width="37"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="rvts20">No</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: lime; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 168.75pt;" valign="top" width="225"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="rvts20">Penyakit</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: lime; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 188.25pt;" valign="top" width="251"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="rvts20">Nama
Virus</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: lime; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 189.75pt;" valign="top" width="253"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="rvts20">Menyerang</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 27.75pt;" valign="top" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal">
1.<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 168.75pt;" valign="top" width="225"><div class="MsoNormal">
Penyakit mulut dan kuku<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 188.25pt;" valign="top" width="251"><div class="MsoNormal">
Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (Aphthovirus sp)<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 189.75pt;" valign="top" width="253"><div class="MsoNormal">
Sapi, kerbau, domba dan kuda<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 27.75pt;" valign="top" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal">
2.<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 168.75pt;" valign="top" width="225"><div class="MsoNormal">
Tetelo<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 188.25pt;" valign="top" width="251"><div class="MsoNormal">
Newcastle Disease Virus<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 189.75pt;" valign="top" width="253"><div class="MsoNormal">
Unggas, ayam<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 27.75pt;" valign="top" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal">
3.<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 168.75pt;" valign="top" width="225"><div class="MsoNormal">
Rabies<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 188.25pt;" valign="top" width="251"><div class="MsoNormal">
Rhabdovirus<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 189.75pt;" valign="top" width="253"><div class="MsoNormal">
Kucing, anjing, kera<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 27.75pt;" valign="top" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal">
4.<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 168.75pt;" valign="top" width="225"><div class="MsoNormal">
Flu burung<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 188.25pt;" valign="top" width="251"><div class="MsoNormal">
Avian influenza (H5N1 dan varian lainnya)<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 189.75pt;" valign="top" width="253"><div class="MsoNormal">
Unggas seperti ayam, bebek, burung dsb<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; line-height: 22px;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; line-height: 22px;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; line-height: 22px;"><span class="rvts14"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">3)
Penyakit akibat virus pada tumbuhan</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; line-height: 22px;">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: aqua; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 24.7pt;" valign="top" width="33"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="rvts20">No</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: aqua; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 141.85pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="rvts20">Penyakit</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: aqua; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 150.6pt;" valign="top" width="201"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="rvts20">Nama
Virus</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: aqua; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 158.35pt;" valign="top" width="211"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="rvts20">Menyerang</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 24.7pt;" valign="top" width="33"><div class="MsoNormal">
1.<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 141.85pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal">
Mozaik pada tembakau<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 150.6pt;" valign="top" width="201"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="rvts21">Tobacco mozaic virus (TMV)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 158.35pt;" valign="top" width="211"><div class="MsoNormal">
Tanaman tembakau<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 24.7pt;" valign="top" width="33"><div class="MsoNormal">
2.<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 141.85pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal">
Penyakit tanaman jeruk [Citrus vein phloem degeneration
(CVPD]<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 150.6pt;" valign="top" width="201"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="rvts21">Citrus leprosis virus</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 158.35pt;" valign="top" width="211"><div class="MsoNormal">
Tanaman jeruk, menyebabkan kerusakan pada pembuluh tapis
(floem)<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 24.7pt;" valign="top" width="33"><div class="MsoNormal">
3.<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 141.85pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal">
Tungro<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 150.6pt;" valign="top" width="201"><div class="MsoNormal">
Virus tungro<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 158.35pt;" valign="top" width="211"><div class="MsoNormal">
Tanaman padi, disebarkan oleh wereng coklat dan wereng
hijau<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; line-height: 22px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333;"><b></b></span></span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; line-height: 22px;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333;"><b>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span class="rvts14"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Peranan Positif Virus :</span></b></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="rvts10"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Sebagai bahan dasar pembuatan
vaksin</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="rvts10"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Untuk melemahkan bakteri</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="rvts10"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="rvts10"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Untuk
membuat anti toksin (anti racun)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<b style="line-height: 22px; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;"></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="display: inline !important; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Pencegahan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus adalah dilakukan
dengan tindakan vaksinasi. Vaksin adalah suatu zat yang mengandung
mikroorganisme patogen yang sudah dilemahkan. Tujuan vaksinasi adalah untuk
membentuk kekebalan tubuh secara aktif. Vaksin diberikan dengan suntikan yang
disebut imunisasi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Vaksin pertama yang
ditemukan oleh manusia adalah <span style="color: #0066cc;">vaksin cacar</span>,
ditemukan oleh <span style="color: #0066cc;">Edward</span> <span style="color: #0066cc;">Jenner</span> (1789), sedangkan <span style="color: #0066cc;">vaksinasi oral/mulut </span>ditemukan oleh <span style="color: #0066cc;">Jonas Salk</span> (1952) untuk menanggulangi
penyebab <span style="color: #0066cc;">polio</span>. Manusia secara alamiah
dapat membuat zat anti virus di dalam tubuhnya, yang disebut <span style="color: #0066cc;">Interferon</span>, meskipun demikian manusia masih dapat
sakit karena infeksi virus, karena kecepatan
replikasi virus tidak dapat diimbangi oleh kecepatan sintesis interferon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saat ini telah tersedia sekitar 23 jenis vaksin, dan masih banyak
vaksin baru lain yang sedang dalam proses penelitian dan pengembangan, misalnya
vaksin</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> HIV AIDs, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">vaksin demam berdarah dengue, vaksin malaria,
vaksin TBC baru<b> .<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vaksin Orang Dewasa dan Usia Lanjut adalah sebagai berikut</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Vaksin Hepatitis A
dan Vaksin Hepatitis B (vaksin virus mati, monovalent)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Vaksin Demam
Typhus (vaksin bakteri mati, monovalent)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Vaksin Varicella (vaksin
virus hidup dilemahkan, monovalent)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Vaksin Influenza (vaksin
virus mati, monovalent)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. Vaksin Pneumonia (vaksin
bakteri mati, monovalent)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vaksin Bayi Anak</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. <b>Vaksin DPaT dan DTwP</b> (vaksin bakteri mati,
kombinasi trivalent)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. <b>DPaT Hib Polio</b> (vaksin bakteri dan virus mati,
kombinasi pentavalent)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. <b>Vaksin DPaT HepB Polio</b> (vaksin bakteri dan
virus mati, kombinasi pentavalent)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. <b>Vaksin DPaT HepB Hib Polio</b> (vaksin bakteri dan
virus mati, kombinasi hexavalent)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. <b>Vaksin DPaT Hib</b> (vaksin bakteri mati,
kombinasi tetravalent)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6. <b>Vaksin Inactivated Polio</b> (vaksin virus mati,
monovalent)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7. <b>Vaksin Polio Oral</b> (vaksin virus hidup
dilemahkan, monovalent)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8. <b>Vaksin MMR</b> (vaksin virus hidup dilemahkan,
kombinasi trivalent)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9. <b>Vaksin Influenza</b> (vaksin virus mati,
monovalent)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10. <b>Vaksin pneumonia</b> (vaksin bakteri mati,
monovalent)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11. <b>Vaksin Rabies</b> (vaksin virus hidup dilemahkan,
monoovalent)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12. <b>Vaksin Varicella</b> (vaksin virus hidup dilemahkan,
monovalent)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13. <b>Vaksin Human Papiloma Virus</b>/<b>HPV</b> (vaksin
virus mati, tetravalent)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14. <b>Vaksin Rotavirus</b> (vaksin virus hidup
dilemahkan, monovalent)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15. <b>Vaksin Hepatitis A dan Vaksin Hepatitis B</b> (vaksin
virus mati, monovalent)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</b></span></span></span></div>
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